A Rare Case of Spontaneous Recurrent Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is most commonly associated with preceding trauma. Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea has rarely been documented. Clinical, biochemical, and radiological examination are necessary to establish its diagnosis.

Irregular menses: an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether a history of irregular menses predicts gestational diabetes mellitus independently of traditional risk factors.

Study Design: We analyzed demographic characteristics, body mass index, and menstrual history of 85 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and compared them with 85 systematically selected control subjects who were matched for age, race, and delivery year. Subjects with pregestational diabetes mellitus, previous gestational diabetes mellitus, family history of diabetes mellitus, weight >200 pounds, previous macrosomic infants, or previous stillbirth were excluded.