Prior research has identified traumatic experiences and substance use as risk factors for adolescent engagement in sexual risk-taking; however, these studies have relied upon subthreshold or non-dually diagnosed samples. The present study examined differences in sexual risk behaviors between adolescents with a substance use disorder (SUD) and co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) versus those with an SUD and another co-occurring psychiatric disorder. Participants were 269 adolescents who met the clinical screening criteria for an SUD and at least one psychiatric disorder.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnderstanding the efficacy and relative effectiveness of a brief alcohol intervention (BAI) relies on obtaining a credible intervention effect estimate. Outcomes in BAI trials are often count variables, such as the number of drinks consumed, which may be overdispersed (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: Probiotic supplementation has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention to improve growth outcomes in children with undernutrition. The objective of this review is to synthesize the current evidence on probiotic supplementation for promotion of growth in undernourished children.
Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, and Scopus for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that administered probiotics or eligible comparators to undernourished children below 5 years of age.
Background: Brief motivational interventions (BMIs) are one of the most effective individually focused alcohol intervention strategies for college students. Despite the central theoretical role of motivation for change in BMIs, it is unclear whether BMIs increase motivation to change drinking behavior. We conducted a two-step meta-analysis of individual participant data (IPD) to examine whether BMIs increase motivation for change.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPrior research suggests that brief interventions (BIs) for alcohol and other drug use may vary in effectiveness across patient sociodemographic factors. The objective of this individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis was to explore for whom BIs delivered in general healthcare settings are more or less effective. We examined variability in BI effects by patient age, sex, employment, education, relationship status, and baseline severity of substance use using a two-stage IPD meta-analysis approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) is a bacterium that can cause potentially life-threatening diarrheal illness in individuals with an unhealthy mixture of gut bacteria, known as dysbiosis, and can cause recurrent infections in nearly a third of infected individuals. The traditional treatment of recurrent C difficile infection (rCDI) includes antibiotics, which may further exacerbate dysbiosis. There is growing interest in correcting the underlying dysbiosis in rCDI using of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT); and there is a need to establish the benefits and harms of FMT for the treatment of rCDI based on data from randomized controlled trials.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCochrane Database Syst Rev
April 2023
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that is thought to be associated with a complex interplay between the immune system, the GI tract lining, the environment, and the gut microbiome, leading to an abnormal inflammatory response in genetically susceptible individuals. An altered composition of the gut's native microbiota, known as dysbiosis, may have a major role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD), two subtypes of IBD. There is growing interest in the correction of this underlying dysbiosis using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Young adulthood is a developmentally risky period for hazardous or high-intensity alcohol consumption that can progress to an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Brief interventions offer one promising approach for reducing alcohol consumption and related harms among young adults. However, there are numerous methodological and theoretical challenges associated with optimizing intervention design, identifying mechanisms of action, understanding individual and contextual moderators of effects, and scaling up these interventions for widespread implementation and utilization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTo evaluate and optimize brief alcohol interventions (BAIs), it is critical to have a credible overall effect size estimate as a benchmark. Estimating such an effect size has been challenging because alcohol outcomes often represent responses from a mixture of individuals: those at high risk for alcohol misuse, occasional nondrinkers, and abstainers. Moreover, some BAIs exclusively focus on heavy drinkers, whereas others take a universal prevention approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiscrepancies in multi-informant reports of parenting practices represent a meaningful clinical construct that can be harnessed to predict adolescent mental health outcomes and shed light on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships. To date, however, no research has sought to examine discrepancies in perceptions of parenting practices among adolescents with histories of substance use disorders, a population for whom supportive parenting is a critical protective factor during the recovery process. This study examined parent-adolescent informant discrepancies of parenting practices and their associations with externalizing and internalizing symptomology among a sample of adolescents with substance use disorder histories.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCollegiate recovery programs (CRPs) offer resources and programming for postsecondary students in addiction recovery to ensure they can initiate or maintain their recovery and complete college. To achieve these goals, CRPs offer a variety of activities that research and theory suggests should produce positive outcomes among their students; yet the lack of systematic evaluation research in this area means it is unknown which programming components may drive outcomes. Recovery capital theory posits a variety of factors at multiple ecological levels that might influence students' recovery experience and their engagement and success in community programs like CRPs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMeta-analyses that statistically synthesize evidence from multiple research studies can play an important role in advancing evidence-informed prevention science. When done in the context of a well-conducted systematic review, meta-analysis is a powerful tool for synthesizing evidence and exploring research questions that are difficult to address in individual studies, such as the association of individual study limitations on intervention effect estimates, replicability of empirical findings, and variation of effect estimates across populations and settings. Alongside the rapid growth in the number of published reviews and meta-analyses, there has been a parallel growth in the development of meta-analytic techniques to handle the increasingly complex types of questions and types of evidence relevant to prevention science.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAims: To estimate effects of brief substance use interventions delivered in general medical settings.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials conducted since 1990 of brief substance use interventions in patients of any age or severity level recruited in general medical settings. Primary outcomes were any measure of substance use or substance-related consequences (indexed with Hedges' g and risk ratios).
Adolescent opioid misuse is a public health crisis, particularly among clinical populations of youth with substance misuse histories. Given the negative and often lethal consequences associated with opioid misuse among adolescents, it is essential to identify the risk and protective factors underlying early opioid misuse to inform targeted prevention efforts. Understanding the role of parental risk and protective factors is particularly paramount during the developmental stage of adolescence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCochrane Database Syst Rev
July 2021
Background: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a common cause of acquired kidney failure in children and rarely in adults. The most important risk factor for development of HUS is a gastrointestinal infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). This review addressed the interventions aimed at secondary prevention of HUS in patients with diarrhoea who were infected with a bacteria that increase the risk of HUS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAims: To illustrate a machine learning-based approach for identifying and investigating moderators of alcohol use intervention effects in aggregate-data meta-analysis.
Methods: We illustrated the machine learning technique of random forest modeling using data from an ongoing meta-analysis of brief substance use interventions implemented in general healthcare settings. A subset of 40 trials testing brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) was used; these trials provided 344 estimates of post-intervention effects on participants' alcohol use as well as data on 20 potential moderators of intervention effects.
Background: Collegiate Recovery Programs (CRPs) are campus-based support programs for substance use and recovery needs among college students. These CRPs utilize a variety of program activities and components aimed at promoting healthy development and sobriety while encouraging college retention among participants.
Objectives: Describe the types of activities and administrative structures used in CRPs, examine the characteristics of students involved in this sample, and explore changes in students' outcomes after they have enrolled in a CRP.
This evaluation examined the effects of afterschool programs-supported by an afterschool system intermediary organization (ASIO)-on middle school students' academic performance and examined how those effects varied by student characteristics and program engagement. In this longitudinal, quasi-experimental matched comparison group evaluation, propensity score matching was used to create demographically balanced samples of ASIO-supported afterschool program participants and nonparticipants. Students enrolled in the afterschool programs did not differ from non-participants in growth over time on most academic outcomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRecovery high schools (RHSs) provide educational programming and therapeutic support services for young people in recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs). The objectives of this study were to examine whether students with SUDs who attended RHSs report less delinquency and substance use than students with SUDs who attended non-RHSs, and how students' social problem solving styles might moderate those associations. Participants were students from a longitudinal quasi-experimental study of adolescents who enrolled in high schools after receiving treatment for SUDs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF