The Wnt1-Cre2 transgene causes aberrant recombination in non-neural crest cell types.

The Wnt1-Cre2 driver, designed to address the effect of Wnt1 overactivation in the ventral neural tube in the original Wnt1-Cre line, was recently shown to have ectopic expression in the male germline. When crossed with a reporter mouse, we observed fluorescent protein expression in non-neural-crest cell types in the gut. Here, we characterize the pattern of Cre-mediated recombination in the Wnt1-Cre2 driver using three transgenic reporter lines.

A Monocytic Barrier to the Humanization of Immunodeficient Mice.

Mice with severe immunodeficiencies have become very important tools for studying foreign cells in an environment. Xenotransplants can be used to model cells from many species, although most often, mice are humanized through the transplantation of human cells or tissues to meet the needs of medical research. The development of immunodeficient mice is reviewed leading up to the current state-of-the-art strains, such as the NOD--gamma (NSG) mouse.

Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids (2002-2020).

The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) natural products constitute one of the largest families of alkaloids and exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and biological activity. Ranging from simple THIQ natural products to complex trisTHIQ alkaloids such as the ecteinascidins, the chemical syntheses of these alkaloids and their analogs have been thoroughly investigated due to their intricate structural features and functionalities, as well as their high therapeutic potential. This review describes the general structure and biosynthesis of each family of THIQ alkaloids as well as recent advancements of the total synthesis of these natural products from 2002 to 2020.

Gender differences in question-asking at the 2019 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting.

Attendance at professional conferences is an important component of career development, because conferences are a major forum for presenting new research, interacting with colleagues and networking. An extensive literature documents differences in the professional experiences of women and men, including experiences at professional conferences. We hypothesized that women are less likely than men to ask questions at conferences, thus forgoing opportunities for professional development.

Vaginal metastasis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia resulting in hemorrhage: A case report.

Complete molar pregnancies complicate approximately 1 in 1500 pregnancies in the United States and result in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in about 15-20% of these cases. Vaginal metastasis is the second most common site of metastasis and may present with vaginal bleeding and hemorrhage. This report describes a case of a 19-year-old Hispanic primigravida who presented with hemorrhage from an anterior vaginal wall metastasis two weeks after dilation and curettage for complete molar pregnancy.

Neural components of altruistic punishment.

Altruistic punishment, which occurs when an individual incurs a cost to punish in response to unfairness or a norm violation, may play a role in perpetuating cooperation. The neural correlates underlying costly punishment have only recently begun to be explored. Here we review the current state of research on the neural basis of altruism from the perspectives of costly punishment, emphasizing the importance of characterizing elementary neural processes underlying a decision to punish.

Social learning in humans and other animals.

Decisions made by individuals can be influenced by what others think and do. Social learning includes a wide array of behaviors such as imitation, observational learning of novel foraging techniques, peer or parental influences on individual preferences, as well as outright teaching. These processes are believed to underlie an important part of cultural variation among human populations and may also explain intraspecific variation in behavior between geographically distinct populations of animals.