Real-time monitoring of cellular superoxide anion release in THP-1 cells using a catalytically amplified superoxide dismutase-based microbiosensor.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including the superoxide anion (O) are typically studied in cell cultures using fluorescent dyes, which provide only discrete single-point measurements. These methods lack the capabilities for assessing O kinetics and release in a quantitative manner over long monitoring times. Herein, we present the fabrication and application of an electrochemical biosensor that enables real-time continuous monitoring of O release in cell cultures for extended periods (> 8 h) using an O specific microelectrode.