Error augmentation enhancing arm recovery in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized crossover design.

Background: Neurorehabilitation studies suggest that manipulation of error signals during practice can stimulate improvement in coordination after stroke.

Objective: To test visual display and robotic technology that delivers augmented error signals during training, in participants with stroke.

Methods: A total of 26 participants with chronic hemiparesis were trained with haptic (via robot-rendered forces) and graphic (via a virtual environment) distortions to amplify upper-extremity (UE) tracking error.