The effects of physical inactivity on other risk factors for chronic disease: A systematic review of reviews.

Background: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study updated methods for attributing burden to physical inactivity, to include all conditions from fasting plasma glucose (FPG) due to physical inactivity. However, physical inactivity influences several additional GBD risk factors that also effect other diseases. This study estimated effects of physical activity on high blood pressure (hypertension), FPG (as diabetes), osteoporosis, and LDL-cholesterol, to enable mediation effects modelling.

What is the value of disease expenditure studies? An argument for an international database of spending estimates.

Based on a recent study on disease-specific health spending by age, sex, and type of care in Norway, we argue for the need to improve disease spending estimates and to create a database similar to the Global Burden of Disease Study.

The potential impact of taxing sugar drinks on health inequality in Indonesia.

Background: Evidence suggests reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is important to reducing weight gain and chronic disease risk. Indonesia's large population is a growing market for sugar-sweetened beverages. Taxation to reduce consumption is of interest, but considered fiscally regressive.

Measuring self-efficacy in gambling: the Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.

This paper reports on the development and psychometric properties of a Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GRSEQ). Two hundred and ninety-seven gamblers from both normal and clinical populations completed an initial set of 31-items of which 26 were selected for inclusion in the final version of the GRSEQ. A series of factor analyses showed four clear factors accounting for 84% of the variance.