[Venous and cerebral sinus thrombosis in newborns and children].

Introduction: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a well-known, although underestimated, cause of stroke in childhood. Its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, a correct interpretation of neuroimaging studies and an interrelation between clinicians and radiologists. The clinical features, risk factors and neuroimaging of children under 15 years of age with CVST were analyzed.

[Bilateral paramedian thalamic infraction due artery of Percheron occlusion].

Introduction: Artery of Percheron (AOP) is an anatomical variant responsible for the bilateral irrigation of both the medial thalami and rostral sector of the brainstem. Its obstruction causes infarcts in these areas.

Objective: To describe a clinical case of AOP infarction, highlighting the clinical and imaging fin dings to consider this pathology in the pediatric population with acute altered state of consciousness.

[Neuromyelitis optica].

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune, inflammatory and de myelinat ing disorder of the central nervous system with a predilection for the optic nerves and spinal cord. In 2004 the association of NMO with an antibody against the water channel aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4) was published as a different pathology from multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently the term NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is proposed, because the manifestations of the disease can be more extensive, affecting in addition to the optic nerve and spinal cord, the area postrema of the dorsal medulla, brainstem, diencephalon and typical brain areas (periependymal, corpus callosum, internal capsule and subcortical white matter).

[Mechanisms of brain injury of the premature baby].

Preterm birth is one of the main country health indicators. It is associated with high mortality and significant morbidity in preterm newborns with cerebral palsy and potential long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities like cognitive and learning problems. The main lesions could be: a) white matter injuries, generally associated with cortical and other regions of grey matter neuronal-axonal disturbances; b) intracranial hemorrhage that includes germinal matrix, intraventricular and parenchymal, c) cerebellum injuries.