In Vitro Evaluation of DNA Damage Induction by Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Silica (SiO), and Aluminum Oxide (AlO) Nanoparticles in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly applied in a wide range of technological and medical applications. While their use offers numerous benefits, it also raises concerns regarding their safety. Therefore, understanding their cytotoxic effects and DNA-damaging properties is crucial for ensuring the safe application of NPs.