Avacopan in the treatment of refractory scleritis secondary to granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A case report.

Purpose: Avacopan is a novel C5a receptor inhibitor which was recently licensed for treatment of severe granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in the European Union and the United Kingdom. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first described case on initial ophthalmic outcomes in a patient with severe GPA and concurrent refractory scleritis treated with avacopan.

Case Description: We present a case of de novo scleritis in a 77-year-old male with a background of retinitis pigmentosa with Argus II implant in situ.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy: an educational review.

This educational review provides information about the epidemiology of diabetes and heart failure (diabetic cardiomyopathy) and the challenges in diagnosis and screening. Details on how to investigate patients with imaging and other modalities are discussed, as well as an update regarding the efficacy and safety of novel agents for treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Mitochondrial mass governs the extent of human T cell senescence.

The susceptibility of human CD4 and CD8 T cells to senesce differs, with CD8 T cells acquiring an immunosenescent phenotype faster than the CD4 T cell compartment. We show here that it is the inherent difference in mitochondrial content that drives this phenotype, with senescent human CD4 T cells displaying a higher mitochondrial mass. The loss of mitochondria in the senescent human CD8 T cells has knock-on consequences for nutrient usage, metabolism and function.

Divergent mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction drive fibroblast and T-cell senescence.

The impact of cellular senescence during ageing is well established, however senescence is now recognised to play a role in a variety of age related and metabolic diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore crucial to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that control cellular senescence. In recent years our understanding of the intimate relationship between cell metabolism, cell signalling and cellular senescence has greatly improved.