Simulation medicine in obstetrics and gynaecology, possibilities for its use and the current state at the obstetrics and gynaecology departments in the Czech Republic.

Introduction: Simulation medicine is no longer just a modern trend and has become a standard part of education and training of the medical staff and students in many countries around the world. Its validity and benefits have been acknowledged and its necessity is reflected in the recommendations of the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

Objectives: The aim of our work was to map the current state of simulation training at large obstetrics and gynaecology departments in the Czech Republic including the equipment available, teaching environment conditions and human resources and to find out to what extent individual teaching methods are being used in undergraduate and postgraduate education.

The utilization of radionuclide X-ray spectrometry in the determination of elements in medicinal plants and medicinal products used as antianemics.

The work was based on the identification and determination of selected elements in teas, plants and medicinal products for the treatment of anemia. To evaluate the quality of medicinal plants Urtica dioica L., Papaver somniferum, L.

Enantioselective column coupled electrophoresis employing large bore capillaries hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of chiral compounds in complex real samples.

A new multidimensional analytical approach for the ultra-trace determination of target chiral compounds in unpretreated complex real samples was developed in this work. The proposed analytical system provided high orthogonality due to on-line combination of three different methods (separation mechanisms), i.e.

Multidrug analysis of pharmaceutical and urine matrices by on-line coupled capillary electrophoresis and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

The present work illustrates potentialities of CE hyphenated with MS/MS for the simultaneous determination and identification of a mixture of simultaneously acting drugs in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Here, the hyphenation was provided by ESI interface, while the MS/MS technique was based on the triple quadrupole configuration. Three drugs, namely pheniramine, phenylephrine, and paracetamol were determined and identified with high reliability due to their characterization in three different dimensions, i.

On-line coupled capillary isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis in hydrodynamically closed separation system hyphenated with laser induced fluorescence detection.

An analytical method, based on a column coupling capillary ITP and CZE in a hydrodynamically closed separation mode hyphenated with the detection in the modular arrangement, was developed in this work. Analytical possibilities of this approach are demonstrated on the direct and ultrasensitive quantitative determination of quinine (QUI) in diluted real multicomponent ionic matrices (beverages, urine). The detection cell interface, with the rectangular arrangement of the optical channels inside, connected the separation capillary with the LIF detector via optical fibers in the on-column detection arrangement.

Separation possibilities of three-dimensional capillary electrophoresis.

Separation possibilities of three-dimensional (3D) capillary electrophoresis (CE) were studied in this work. They were demonstrated using phthalic acid as a model analyte and human urine as a complex ionic model matrix. Complexity of the selected problem ordering from several facts, such as (i) analyte present on a trace concentration levels, (ii) analyte present in multicomponent matrix and (iii) analyte migrating in the region of electropherogram in which is naturally present the majority of ionizable organic compounds (i.

2D capillary electrophoresis hyphenated with spectral detection for the determination of quinine in human urine.

The possibilities of a column coupling two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis (2D CE) combined with fiber-based diode array detection (DAD) for the direct, highly reliable and ultrasensitive quantitative determination of quinine in real multicomponent ionic matrices (human urine) are demonstrated in this work. The capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) stage provided an on-line sample pretreatment (elimination of interfering matrix constituents, preseparation and preconcentration of the analyte) before the capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation. Due to the large volume (30 µL) sample injection and CITP sample preconcentration, a simple absorbance photometric detection was sufficient for obtaining very low concentration limits of detection (∼8.

Direct determination of celiprolol in human urine using on-line coupled ITP-CZE method with fiber-based DAD.

The present work illustrated possibilities of column-coupling electrophoresis combined with DAD for the direct quantitative determination of trace drug (celiprolol, CEL) in clinical human urine samples. ITP, on-line coupled with CZE, served as an ideal injection technique (high sample load capacity, narrow and sharp drug zone). Moreover, the ITP provided an effective on-line sample pretreatment (preseparation, purification and preconcentration of the drug) producing analyte zone suitable for its direct detection and quantitation in CZE stage.

Analysis of enantiomers in biological matrices by charged cyclodextrin-mediated capillary zone electrophoresis in column-coupling arrangement with capillary isotachophoresis.

The possibility to apply charged chiral selector as buffer additive in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) on-line coupled with capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) was studied. Enantioseparations and determinations of trace (ng/ml) antihistaminic drugs [pheniramine (PHM), dimethindene (DIM), dioxopromethazine (DIO)] present in samples of complex ionic matrices (urine) served as model examples. A negatively charged carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CE-beta-CD) was used as a chiral selector in analytical CZE stage following upon a sample pretreatment by CITP (preconcentration of the analytes from 5 to 20-times diluted urine samples, partial sample clean up removing macroconstituents from the sample matrices).

Determination of terbinafine in pharmaceuticals and dialyzates by capillary electrophoresis.

A capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for the separation and determination of terbinafine (TER) in various pharmaceutically relevant matrices. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation and UV absorbance photometric detection were carried out in a 160mm capillary tube with a 300mum i.d.

Direct quantitative determination of amlodipine enantiomers in urine samples for pharmacokinetic study using on-line coupled isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis separation method with diode array detection.

The present work illustrates possibilities of column-coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE-CE) combined with chiral selector (2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, HP-beta-CD) and fiber-based diode array detection (DAD) for the direct quantitative enantioselective determination of trace drug (amlodipine, AML) in biological multicomponent ionic matrices (human urine). Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) served as an ideal injection technique in CE-CE. Moreover, the ITP provided an effective on-line sample pretreatment prior to the capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation.

Chiral separation of alkylamine antihistamines in pharmaceuticals by capillary isotachophoresis with charged cyclodextrin.

Cyclodextrin-mediated capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) in cationic regime of the separation was developed for the separation and quantitation of alkylamine antihistamine dimethindene (DIM) and pheniramine (PHM) enantiomers in various pharmaceutical preparations (capsules, oral drops, gel, granulated powder). Several electrolyte systems of different compositions and pH were examined. The optimized chiral ITP electrolyte system was consisted of 10 mmol/L potassium acetate adjusted to pH 4.

Possibilities of column coupling electrophoresis provided with a fiber-based diode array detection in enantioselective analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical and clinical samples.

The present work illustrated possibilities of column coupling electrophoresis combined with ionizable chiral selector and diode array detection (DAD) for the enantioselective analysis of trace drugs (pheniramine and its analogs) in pharmaceutical and clinical samples. Isotachophoresis (ITP), on-line coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), served as an ideal injection technique (high sample load capacity, narrow and sharp drugs zones) of on-line pretreated samples (preseparation, purification and preconcentration of drugs) for the CZE stage. Enhanced (enantio)separation selectivity of CZE with ionizable chiral selector (carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin recognized between drugs enantiomers on one hand as well as between drugs and sample matrix constituents on the other hand) enabled to obtain pure zones of the drugs enantiomers, suitable for their detection and quantitation.

Potentialities of ITP-CZE method with diode array detection for enantiomeric purity control of dexbrompheniramine in pharmaceuticals.

The present work illustrates potentialities of on-line combined isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis (ITP-CZE) separation techniques coupled with on-capillary diode array detector (DAD) for enantiomeric purity testing of drugs in pharmaceuticals. The general advantages of the proposed method are its (i) high selectivity, (ii) low concentration limit of detection (LOD) obtainable, (iii) enhanced sample loadability, and (iv) enhanced reliability. For separation of brompheniramine (BP) enantiomers, serving as model analytes, carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CE-beta-CD) was appropriate chiral selector providing complete enantioresolution.

Enantioselective analysis of pheniramine in urine by charged CD-mediated CZE provided with a fiber-based DAD and an on-line sample pretreatment by capillary ITP.

Application potentialities of CZE on-line coupled with capillary ITP and DAD to the identification and determination of trace concentration levels (microg/L) of pheniramine (PHM) enantiomers and their metabolites present in complex ionic matrices of biological origin (urine) are shown. An enhanced (enantio)selectivity of the CZE separation system obtained by the addition of carboxyethyl-beta-CD (CE-beta-CD) to the carrier electrolyte provided CZE conditions for a reliable identification of similar/identical DAD spectra of structurally related compounds (PHM enantiomers and their metabolites) in clinical urine samples differing in qualitative and quantitative composition of sample matrix constituents. A high sample loadability (a 30 microL sample injection volume), partial sample clean-up (removing macroconstituents from the sample), and preconcentration of the analytes in ITP stage resulted in the decrease of concentration LOD for PHM enantiomers in urine to 5.

Simultaneous determination of essential basic amino acids in pharmaceuticals by capillary isotachophoresis.

Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) in cationic regime of the separation with conductometric detection has been used for the separation and determination of basic amino acids (arginine, histidine, and lysine) in pharmaceutical preparations. Several electrolyte systems of different compositions and pH were examined. The optimized ITP electrolyte system consisted of 10 mmol/L potassium acetate adjusted to pH 4.

Determination of fexofenadine in tablets by capillary electrophoresis in free solution and in solution with cyclodextrins as analyte carriers.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods for the determination of fexofenadine (FEX) in commercial pharmaceuticals were developed. It was demonstrated that FEX could be effectively analyzed in free solution cationic CE at low pH. Another analytical approach studied was based on cyclodextrin (CD) modified CE where highly charged CD derivatives served as analyte carriers.

Determination of salbutamol in pharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis.

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the separation and determination of salbutamol (SAL) in commercial pharmaceuticals was developed. Several parameters affecting the separations were studied including type and concentration of the carrier ion, counter ion, and the pH of the buffer. A hydrodynamically closed CE separation mode employing a 300 mum I.

Enantioselective analysis of cetirizine in pharmaceuticals by cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis.

The present paper demonstrates the potential of cyclodextrin (CD)-mediated CE for the chiral analysis of a drug of zwitterionic nature, viz. cetirizine (CET). Various separation mechanisms were applied and several parameters affecting the separation were studied, including the type and concentration of chiral selector, coselector, and carrier ion, and pH of buffer.

Enantioselective determination of pheniramine in pharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrin.

Cyclodextrin (CD)-mediated capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in hydrodynamically closed separation system was developed for the separation and quantitation of pheniramine (PHM) enantiomers. Several parameters affecting the separation were studied, including the type and concentration of chiral selector, carrier cation and counterion, and the pH of the buffer. A high effectivity of oppositely migrating carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CE-beta-CD) to separate the PHM enantiomers was demonstrated in detail.

Analytical characterization of heparin by capillary zone electrophoresis with conductivity detection and polymeric buffer additives.

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the analytical characterization of intact (high-molecular-weight) heparin was developed. For the first time, a hydrodynamically closed CZE separation system with conductivity detector was used for the separation, detection and quantitation of this highly sulfated, linear polysaccharide. Glycine (25mM) adjusted to pH 9.

Chiral separation of dioxopromethazine in eye drops by CZE with charged cyclodextrin.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CE-beta-CD) dissolved in the operating buffer was used for the separation and determination of enantiomers of phenothiazine antihistaminic, dioxopromethazine, in commercial pharmaceutical preparation, eye drops. This chiral selector, negatively charged under given separating conditions (20 mmol/l epsilon -aminocaproic acid, acetic acid, pH 4.5), was effective in enantioresolution of the antihistamine even at its low concentrations (3-6 mg/ml) in the buffer solution.