Imaging approach to pediatric calvarial bulges.

Palpable calvarial lesions in children may require multi-modality imaging for adequate characterization due to non-specific clinical features. Causative lesions range from benign incidental lesions to highly aggressive pathologies. While tissue sampling may be required for some lesions, others have a typical imaging appearance, and an informed imaging approach facilitates diagnosis.

Pediatric orbital lesions: neoplastic extraocular soft-tissue lesions.

Pediatric neoplastic extraocular soft-tissue lesions in the orbit are uncommon. Early multimodality imaging work-up and recognition of the key imaging features of these lesions allow narrowing of the differential diagnoses in order to direct timely management. In this paper, the authors present a multimodality approach to the imaging work-up of these lesions and highlight the use of ocular ultrasound as a first imaging modality where appropriate.

Pediatric orbital lesions: bony and traumatic lesions.

Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular lesions, extraocular soft-tissue pathologies (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), and bony and traumatic lesions. In this paper, we discuss the key imaging features and differential diagnoses of bony and traumatic lesions of the pediatric orbit and globe, emphasizing the role of CT and MRI as the primary imaging modalities. In addition, we highlight the adjunctive role of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of intraocular foreign bodies and discuss the primary role of sonography in the diagnosis of traumatic retinal detachment.

Pediatric orbital lesions: ocular pathologies.

Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular, extra-ocular soft-tissue (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), osseous, and traumatic. In part 1 of this orbital series, the authors will discuss the differential diagnosis and key imaging features of pediatric ocular pathologies. These include congenital and developmental lesions (microphthalmos, anophthalmos, persistent fetal vasculature, coloboma, morning glory disc anomaly, retinopathy of prematurity, Coats disease), optic disc drusen, infective and inflammatory lesions (uveitis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis), and ocular neoplasms (retinoblastoma, retinal hamartoma, choroidal melanoma, choroidal nevus).

Properties of ultrasound-rapid MRI clinical diagnostic pathway in suspected pediatric appendicitis.

Objective: to determine diagnostic accuracy of an US-MRI clinical diagnostic pathway to detect appendicitis in the emergency department (ED).

Study Design: prospective cohort study of 624 previously healthy children 4-17 years old undergoing US for suspected appendicitis and clinical re-assessment. Children with non-diagnostic USs and persistent appendicitis concern/conclusive US-reassessment discrepancies underwent ultra-rapid MRI (US-MRI pathway), interpreted as positive, negative or non-diagnostic.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Imaging Spectrum in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

In children, adolescents, and young adults (CAYA), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by various age-related dissimilarities in tumor aggressiveness, prevailing pathologic subtypes, and imaging features, as well as potentially different treatment outcomes. Understanding the imaging spectrum of NHL in CAYA with particular attention to children and adolescents is critical for radiologists to support the clinical decision making by the treating physicians and other health care practitioners. The authors discuss the currently performed imaging modalities including radiography, US, CT, MRI, and PET in the diagnosis, staging, and assessment of the treatment response.

Imaging of Peritoneal Dialysis Complications in Children.

Worldwide, peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the preferred renal replacement therapy option for children with end-stage renal disease who are awaiting transplantation. PD involves the instillation of a specifically formulated solution into the peritoneal cavity via a PD catheter, with two-way exchange of solutes and waste products along a concentration gradient. This exchange occurs across the peritoneal membrane.

Procedural pain reduction strategies in paediatric nuclear medicine.

Background: In paediatric nuclear medicine, the majority of the scans require intravenous (IV) access to deliver the radiotracers. Children and parents often cite procedural pain as the most distressing part of their child's hospitalization. In our department, various pain management strategies including physical and psychological distraction methods and pharmacological intervention have been implemented to reduce procedural pain.

Correction to: FDG uptake in cervical lymph nodes in children without head and neck cancer.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. Author name Alaa Bakkari was incorrect. The correct spelling is given above.

The clinical impact of F-FDG PET/CT in extracranial pediatric germ cell tumors.

Background: Extracranial germ cell tumors are an uncommon pediatric malignancy with limited information on the clinical impact of F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the literature.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical impact on management of F-FDG PET/CT with diagnostic computed tomography (CT) in pediatric extracranial germ cell tumor.

Materials And Methods: The list of F-FDG PET/CT performed for extracranial germ cell tumor between May 2007 and November 2015 was obtained from the nuclear medicine database.

FDG uptake in cervical lymph nodes in children without head and neck cancer.

Background: Reactive cervical lymphadenopathy is common in children and may demonstrate increased F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (F-FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).

Objective: We sought to evaluate the frequency and significance of F-FDG uptake by neck lymph nodes in children with no history of head and neck cancer.

Materials And Methods: The charts of 244 patients (114 female, mean age: 10.