Multi-omics data integration and analysis pipeline for precision medicine: Systematic review.

Precision medicine has gained considerable popularity since the "one-size-fits-all" approach did not seem very effective or reflective of the complexity of the human body. Subsequently, since single-omics does not reflect the complexity of the human body's inner workings, it did not result in the expected advancement in the medical field. Therefore, the multi-omics approach has emerged.

Disrupting direct inputs from the dorsal subiculum to the granular retrosplenial cortex impairs flexible spatial memory in the rat.

In a changing environment, animals must process spatial signals in a flexible manner. The rat hippocampal formation projects directly upon the retrosplenial cortex, with most inputs arising from the dorsal subiculum and terminating in the granular retrosplenial cortex (area 29). The present study examined whether these same projections are required for spatial working memory and what happens when available spatial cues are altered.

Impairments in the early consolidation of spatial memories via group II mGluR agonism in the mammillary bodies.

mGluR2 receptors are widely expressed in limbic brain regions associated with memory, including the hippocampal formation, retrosplenial and frontal cortices, as well as subcortical regions including the mammillary bodies. mGluR2/3 agonists have been proposed as potential therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders, however, there is still little known about the role of these receptors in cognitive processes, including memory consolidation. To address this, we assessed the effect of the mGluR2/3 agonist, eglumetad, on spatial memory consolidation in both mice and rats.

The effects of a self-learning package on mothers' knowledge and practices towards caring for their children with phenylketonuria.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a self-learning package on mothers' knowledge and practices towards caring for their children with phenylketonuria. A pre/post quasi-experimental study was conducted, including 128 mothers of children diagnosed with phenylketonuria. A specifically designed and validated questionnaire was used to evaluate mothers' knowledge and reported practices toward their children before and after participating in the educational program.

Collateral rostral thalamic projections to prelimbic, infralimbic, anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices in the rat brain.

As the functional properties of a cortical area partly reflect its thalamic inputs, the present study compared collateral projections arising from various rostral thalamic nuclei that terminate across prefrontal (including anterior cingulate) and retrosplenial areas in the rat brain. Two retrograde tracers, fast blue and cholera toxin B, were injected in pairs to different combinations of cortical areas. The research focused on the individual anterior thalamic nuclei, including the interanteromedial nucleus, nucleus reuniens and the laterodorsal nucleus.

A Direct Comparison of Afferents to the Rat Anterior Thalamic Nuclei and Nucleus Reuniens: Overlapping But Different.

Both nucleus reuniens and the anterior thalamic nuclei are densely interconnected with medial cortical and hippocampal areas, connections that reflect their respective contributions to learning and memory. To better appreciate their comparative roles, pairs of different retrograde tracers were placed in these two thalamic sites in adult rats. Both thalamic sites receive modest cortical inputs from layer V that contrasted with much denser projections from layer VI.

Insulin resistance and idiopathic infertility: A potential possible link.

Among various health issues, infertility has been always considered as one of the major health problems. Idiopathic infertility is still a matter of debate since the underlying mechanisms stay obscure. Idiopathic infertility is related to expanded chance of metabolic syndrome components, obesity and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Deconstructing the Direct Reciprocal Hippocampal-Anterior Thalamic Pathways for Spatial Learning.

The hippocampus is essential for normal memory but does not act in isolation. The anterior thalamic nuclei may represent one vital partner. Using DREADDs, the behavioral consequences of transiently disrupting anterior thalamic function were examined, followed by inactivation of the dorsal subiculum.

Separate cortical and hippocampal cell populations target the rat nucleus reuniens and mammillary bodies.

Nucleus reuniens receives dense projections from both the hippocampus and the frontal cortices. Reflecting these connections, this nucleus is thought to enable executive functions, including those involving spatial learning. The mammillary bodies, which also support spatial learning, again receive dense hippocampal inputs, as well as lighter projections from medial frontal areas.

Lesions of retrosplenial cortex spare immediate-early gene activity in related limbic regions in the rat.

The retrosplenial cortex forms part of a network of cortical and subcortical structures that have particular importance for spatial learning and navigation in rodents. This study examined how retrosplenial lesions affect activity in this network by visualising the expression of the immediate-early genes c- and after exposure to a novel location. Groups of rats with extensive cytotoxic lesions (areas 29 and 30) and rats with lesions largely confined to area 30 (dysgranular cortex) were compared with their respective control animals for levels of c- expression measured by immunohistochemistry.

Do the rat anterior thalamic nuclei contribute to behavioural flexibility?

The rodent anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) are vital for spatial memory. A consideration of their extensive frontal connections suggests that these nuclei may also subserve non-spatial functions. The current experiments explored the importance of the ATN for different aspects of behavioural flexibility, including their contribution to tasks typically associated with frontal cortex.

Medial temporal pathways for contextual learning: Network c- mapping in rats with or without perirhinal cortex lesions.

Background: In the rat brain, context information is thought to engage network interactions between the postrhinal cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampus. In contrast, object information is thought to be more reliant on perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex interactions with the hippocampus.

Method: The 'context network' was explored by mapping expression of the immediate-early gene, c- after exposure to a new spatial environment.

The retrosplenial cortex and object recency memory in the rat.

It has been proposed that the retrosplenial cortex forms part of a 'where/when' information network. The present study focussed on the related issue of whether retrosplenial cortex also contributes to 'what/when' information, by examining object recency memory. In Experiment 1, rats with retrosplenial lesions were found to be impaired at distinguishing the temporal order of objects presented in a continuous series ('Within-Block' condition).

Detecting and discriminating novel objects: The impact of perirhinal cortex disconnection on hippocampal activity patterns.

Perirhinal cortex provides object-based information and novelty/familiarity information for the hippocampus. The necessity of these inputs was tested by comparing hippocampal c-fos expression in rats with or without perirhinal lesions. These rats either discriminated novel from familiar objects (Novel-Familiar) or explored pairs of novel objects (Novel-Novel).

Perirhinal cortex lesions that impair object recognition memory spare landmark discriminations.

Rats with lesions in the perirhinal cortex and their control group learnt to discriminate between mirror-imaged visual landmarks to find a submerged platform in a watermaze. Rats initially learnt this discrimination passively, in that they were repeatedly placed on the platform in one corner of a square watermaze with walls of different appearance, prior to swimming to that same location for the first time in a subsequent probe trial. Perirhinal cortex lesions spared this passively learnt ability, despite the common visual elements shared by the guiding landmarks.

Perirhinal cortex lesions impair tests of object recognition memory but spare novelty detection.

The present study examined why perirhinal cortex lesions in rats impair the spontaneous ability to select novel objects in preference to familiar objects, when both classes of object are presented simultaneously. The study began by repeating this standard finding, using a test of delayed object recognition memory. As expected, the perirhinal cortex lesions reduced the difference in exploration times for novel vs.

Perirhinal cortex lesions in rats: Novelty detection and sensitivity to interference.

Rats with perirhinal cortex lesions received multiple object recognition trials within a continuous session to examine whether they show false memories. Experiment 1 focused on exploration patterns during the first object recognition test postsurgery, in which each trial contained 1 novel and 1 familiar object. The perirhinal cortex lesions reduced time spent exploring novel objects, but did not affect overall time spent exploring the test objects (novel plus familiar).

The impact of fornix lesions in rats on spatial learning tasks sensitive to anterior thalamic and hippocampal damage.

The present study sought to understand how the hippocampus and anterior thalamic nuclei are conjointly required for spatial learning by examining the impact of cutting a major tract (the fornix) that interconnects these two sites. The initial experiments examined the consequences of fornix lesions in rats on spatial biconditional discrimination learning. The rationale arose from previous findings showing that fornix lesions spare the learning of spatial biconditional tasks, despite the same task being highly sensitive to both hippocampal and anterior thalamic nuclei lesions.

Contrasting networks for recognition memory and recency memory revealed by immediate-early gene imaging in the rat.

The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to compare networks of activity associated with recency memory (temporal order memory) and recognition memory. In Experiment 1, rats were first familiarized with sets of objects and then given pairs of different, familiar objects to explore. For the recency test group, each object in a pair was separated by 110 min in the time between their previous presentations.

Selective importance of the rat anterior thalamic nuclei for configural learning involving distal spatial cues.

To test potential parallels between hippocampal and anterior thalamic function, rats with anterior thalamic lesions were trained on a series of biconditional learning tasks. The anterior thalamic lesions did not disrupt learning two biconditional associations in operant chambers where a specific auditory stimulus (tone or click) had a differential outcome depending on whether it was paired with a particular visual context (spot or checkered wall-paper) or a particular thermal context (warm or cool). Likewise, rats with anterior thalamic lesions successfully learnt a biconditional task when they were reinforced for digging in one of two distinct cups (containing either beads or shredded paper), depending on the particular appearance of the local context on which the cup was placed (one of two textured floors).

Association rules for rat spatial learning: the importance of the hippocampus for binding item identity with item location.

Three cohorts of rats with extensive hippocampal lesions received multiple tests to examine the relationships between particular forms of associative learning and an influential account of hippocampal function (the cognitive map hypothesis). Hippocampal lesions spared both the ability to discriminate two different digging media and to discriminate two different room locations in a go/no-go task when each location was approached from a single direction. Hippocampal lesions had, however, differential effects on a more complex task (biconditional discrimination) where the correct response was signaled by the presence or absence of specific cues.

The neural basis of nonvisual object recognition memory in the rat.

Research into the neural basis of recognition memory has traditionally focused on the remembrance of visual stimuli. The present study examined the neural basis of object recognition memory in the dark, with a view to determining the extent to which it shares common pathways with visual-based object recognition. Experiment 1 assessed the expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in rats that discriminated novel from familiar objects in the dark (Group Novel).

Evidence that the rat hippocampus has contrasting roles in object recognition memory and object recency memory.

Adult rats with extensive, bilateral neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus showed normal forgetting curves for object recognition memory, yet were impaired on closely related tests of object recency memory. The present findings point to specific mechanisms for temporal order information (recency) that are dependent on the hippocampus and do not involve object recognition memory. The object recognition tests measured rats exploring simultaneously presented objects, one novel and the other familiar.

Perirhinal cortex lesions uncover subsidiary systems in the rat for the detection of novel and familiar objects.

The present study compared the impact of perirhinal cortex lesions on tests of object recognition. Object recognition was tested directly by looking at the preferential exploration of novel objects over simultaneously presented familiar objects. Object recognition was also tested indirectly by presenting just novel objects or just familiar objects, and recording exploration levels.

Separate but interacting recognition memory systems for different senses: the role of the rat perirhinal cortex.

Two different models (convergent and parallel) potentially describe how recognition memory, the ability to detect the re-occurrence of a stimulus, is organized across different senses. To contrast these two models, rats with or without perirhinal cortex lesions were compared across various conditions that controlled available information from specific sensory modalities. Intact rats not only showed visual, tactile, and olfactory recognition, but also overcame changes in the types of sensory information available between object sampling and subsequent object recognition, e.