Evaluation of the Cytological Changes of the Oral Mucosa Among Smokers in Al Madinah Al Munawara Using Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Counts and Papanicolaus Stain.

Objective To evaluate the cytological changes of the oral mucosa among smokers using Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) counts and Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. Methodology The oral mucosal exfoliate smears of 500 individuals (200 nonsmokers and 300 smokers) aged between 18 and 80 years were prepared in Al Madinah. The AgNOR count and Pap stain were used to generate a cytogenic smear to assess the presence of cytological changes suggestive of atypia, inflammation, dysplasia, keratinization, and proliferative activity of epithelial cells.

Association Between Vitamin D Level and Z-Score Changes of Bone Density in College-Age Saudi Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a worldwide health problem. VD plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis, phosphorus metabolism and bone health. Still much remain to understand the effect of VD deficiency on bone mass.