Clinical Dilemmas for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infection in Children: From Guideline to Practice.

infection is often acquired in early childhood. While most infected children remain asymptomatic, can cause chronic gastritis, gastric ulceration, and, in the long term, gastric cancer. This article aimed to review different diagnostic and treatment options and discuss the challenges associated with applying the current guidelines in the real world.

Clostridioides difficile Infections: Prevention and Treatment Strategies.

Clostridioides difficile is the most common causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. This spore forming, obligate anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus is becoming responsible for an increasing number of infections worldwide, both in community and in hospital settings, whose severity can vary widely from an asymptomatic infection to a lethal disease. While discontinuation of antimicrobial agents and antibiotic treatment of the infection remain the cornerstone of therapy, more recent fecal microbiota transplantation has also been valid as a therapy.

A narrative review on the diagnosis and management of constipation in infants.

Introduction: Functional constipation is one of the common disorders of gut-brain interaction in infancy, and decreases the quality of life of infants and parents.

Areas Covered: Relevant articles up to November 2022 were reviewed. We searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE for guidelines, position papers, reviews, and randomized controlled trials on infant constipation.

Efficacy and safety of medical and nutritional management of gastroesophageal reflux in formula-fed infants: a narrative review.

Purpose Of Review: The prescription of proton pump inhibitors has an increasing trend, despite that guidelines recommend nutritional management as first-line management. A thickened antiregurgitation formula is recommended in formula-fed infants. In this review we focus on the novel insights in management of formula-fed infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Are pro- and/or synbiotics beneficial in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in children? A narrative review.

To assess the effect of pro- and synbiotics in the eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), as well as their effect on adverse effects and therapy compliance in children, a review was performed. We searched for relevant studies published in the English language in PubMed in the last 5 years. Articles were extracted using subject heading and keywords of interest to the topic.

How to manage irritable bowel syndrome in children.

Aim: This paper discusses the risk factors and management of paediatric irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with a focus on the role of the gastrointestinal microbiome.

Methods: English articles of interest published in PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using subject heading and keywords of interest.

Results: Only few randomised controlled trials on the management of IBS in children have been published.

Prevention and Management with Pro-, Pre and Synbiotics in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis: A Narrative Review.

Allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and asthma are increasing in the developing world, related to a westernizing lifestyle, while the prevalence is stable and decreasing in the industrialized world. This paper aims to answer the question if prevention and/or treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma can be achieved by administrating pro-, pre- and/or synbiotics that might contribute to stabilizing the disturbed microbiome that influences the immune system through the gut-lung axis. We searched for relevant English articles in PubMed and Google Scholar.

Diagnosis and Management of Ménétrier Disease in Children: A Case Series Review.

Purpose: Ménétrier disease (MD) was first described in 1888, and 50 cases have been reported until now. We aimed to discuss the etiology, diagnostics, and management of MD in children.

Methods: We searched for case reports published from 2014 till 2019 in English using PubMed.

Real Time Versus Photographic Assessment of Stool Consistency Using the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale: Are They Telling Us the Same?

Purpose: Digital communication is becoming increasingly important in clinical practice and research. The finding that stool consistency can be evaluated similarly using either "in vivo" or photographic material by health care professionals will decrease subjective interpretation by parents. The primary outcome of this study was the reliability of stool consistency scoring using the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) between fresh stools and their photos; the secondary outcome was the inter-rater reliability based on the fresh stools.

The impact of Caesarean section on the infant gut microbiome.

Aim: Description of the impact of caesarean section on the infant gut microbiome, infant health and solutions to restore the dysbiosis.

Methods: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles. Only articles published in English were selected.

Safety considerations when managing gastro-esophageal reflux disease in infants.

: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants is worldwide diagnosed with increasing frequency, resulting in an increasing number of infants exposed to treatment. In this review, we focus on the safety of therapeutic options. : English articles were searched from 1990 until May 2020 in PubMed and Google Scholar.

The influence of the gastrointestinal microbiome on infant colic.

Introduction: Although infantile colic is relatively frequent, its pathophysiology is not yet understood. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the link between infantile colic and the gastrointestinal microbiome.

Areas Covered: The gastro-intestinal microbiome may already start to develop in the womb and grows exponentially immediately after birth.

The effects of proton pump inhibitors on the microbiome in young children.

Aim: The use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatments are increasing among paediatric patients worldwide. We aimed to review the effects of PPIs on the microbiome and its associated effect on the gastrointestinal, respiratory and metabolic systems. The role of probiotics is discussed.

Functional constipation in children: challenges and solutions.

This review intends to update what is known about and what is still a challenge in functional constipation (FC) in children regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Although FC is a common childhood problem, its global burden remains unknown as data from parts of the world are missing. Another problem is that there is a large variation in prevalence due to differences in study methods and defining age groups.

Performance of four HRP-2/pLDH combination rapid diagnostic tests and field microscopy as screening tests for malaria in pregnancy in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Malaria in pregnancy poses a major public health problem in Indonesia with an estimated six million pregnancies at risk of Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria annually. In 2010, Indonesia introduced a screen and treat policy for the control of malaria in pregnancy at first antenatal visit using microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). A diagnostic study was conducted in Sumba, Indonesia to compare the performance of four different RDTs in predominately asymptomatic pregnant women under field condition.