Correction: Evaluation of a community-based HIV test and start program in a conflict affected rural area of Yambio County, South Sudan.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Evaluation of a community-based HIV test and start program in a conflict affected rural area of Yambio County, South Sudan.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage in South Sudan is around 10%. Access to HIV care in settings with low ART coverage or conflict affected is still low; innovative strategies are needed to increase access and ensure continuation of ART during instability. A pilot HIV test and start project was implemented in a conflict-affected area of South Sudan.

Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impact of ethnicity in north Sudan.

Background: Diabetes mellitus constitutes a global health threat, with increasing burden of disease in low and middle-income countries witnessing ongoing epidemiological transition including Sudan.

Aims: To study the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes and determine the relationship to gender, age, waist circumference, body mass index, residence and ethnicity among the adult population in north Sudan.

Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study in Northern State and River Nile State using random multi-stage cluster sampling targeting 5376 participants from 14 localities divided into 60 urban and 40 rural clusters.

Economic and social impact of diabetes mellitus in a low-income country: A case-control study in Sudan.

Background: Diabetes mellitus accounts for 11% of total health expenditure worldwide, and most people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries. The present study examined the economic and social effects attributed to diabetes in Sudan by calculating out-of-pocket medical expenses and the health and social effects of the disease for people with diabetes (n = 375) and their families compared with a non-diabetic control group (n = 375), matched for age, sex, and residence area.

Methods: Data were obtained in 2013 in four states within the Sudan, via structured interviews, using instruments from the International Diabetes Federation.

The effects of cane girdling before budbreak on shoot growth, leaf area and carbohydrate content of Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc grapevines.

The influence of restricting available carbohydrates (CHOs) on shoot growth was studied by cane girdling field grown Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc grapevines before budbreak. Canes were girdled 5, 10 or 20cm from the terminal bud of the cane, and the shoot growth of the terminal bud was monitored over the course of a single growing season.

Direct costs for care and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in Sudan.

The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution by type 2 diabetic patients in a low-income country from their own income in attempting to control the disease and to prevent chronic diabetes complications through good glycaemic control. Socio-economic and demographic data for study subjects were obtained from 822 adult diabetic patients attending public or private diabetic clinics in Khartoum State, Sudan. The average annual income of diabetic patients was estimated as USD 1.

Health related quality of life and sense of coherence in Sudanese diabetic subjects with lower limb amputation.

Quality of life is an important outcome measure in diabetic patients with lower limb amputation (LLA). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lower limb amputation on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Sudanese diabetic subjects. Additionally the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC-13) and a symptom check list was used in subjects with LLA.

The influence of glucose self-monitoring on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus in Sudan.

Objective: To investigate the influence of self-monitoring of glucose on the glycaemic control in Sudanese diabetic subjects.

Subjects And Methods: A group of 193 consecutive type 2 and type 1 diabetic subjects (95 men, 98 women) were studied. In 104 subjects with type 2 diabetes fasting blood glucose was measured using a glucose meter and blood was obtained for serum glucose measurement in the laboratory.

Economic burden on families of childhood type 1 diabetes in urban Sudan.

The aims of this study were to estimate the direct costs of childhood diabetes in a low income country, Sudan, and to assess the effectiveness of care paid for by the families. For this purpose, socio-economic and demographic data on families were obtained from the parents of 147 children with type 1 diabetes, attending public or private clinics in Khartoum State, Sudan. The median annual income of the families of diabetic children was US dollars (US$) 1222 (range 0-14,338) of which 16% was received as financial help from relatives and friends.

Glycaemic and insulin responses of six traditional Sudanese carbohydrate-rich meals in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of six Sudanese traditional carbohydrate-rich meals on glucose and insulin responses and to formulate appropriate dietary guidelines based on glycaemic excursions of traditional foods.

Methods: On six occasions with 1-week intervals, 10 Type 2 diabetic subjects consumed six Sudanese traditional carbohydrate-rich meals. The following meals were tested and also analysed for their composition: wheat gorasa (pancakes), sorghum kisra (flat bread) and sorghum acida (porridge), millet kisra and millet acida and maize acida.

Factors affecting perinatal morbidity and mortality in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus in Sudan.

To investigate the influence of obstetric factors and indices of maternal metabolic control on perinatal morbidity and mortality, 88 diabetic pregnant Sudanese women (type 1, n=38; type 2, n=31; gestational diabetes, n=19) and 50 non-diabetic pregnant control women were studied. The mean fasting blood glucose was 11.1+/-2.

Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 by sexual activity among adults in Lagos, Nigeria.

Background: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is common in Africa, but prevalence varies geographically. Studies in Europe and America suggest spread through homosexual contact, but evidence of heterosexual spread is inconsistent. We examined the association between HHV-8 and markers of risky sexual activity in Nigeria.

Trends in Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence in the United States from 1973 through 1998.

Background: The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the general population has markedly increased since the onset of the AIDS epidemic in 1981. However, during the 1990s, the dynamics of the AIDS epidemic changed, as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates slowed and effective antiretroviral therapies were introduced. We examined the impact of these changes on the general population incidence of KS and NHL.

Reduced leptin concentrations in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sudan.

Differences have been observed in the relationship between leptin and metabolic perturbations in glucose homeostasis. Because no information is available from indigenous African populations with diabetes, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible associations between leptin and different clinical and biochemical characteristics of a large group of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sudan. A total of 104 (45 men and 59 women) consecutive type 2 diabetes patients and 75 control subjects (34 men and 41 women) were studied.

Thyroid function in the newborn in relation to maternal thyroid status during labour in a mild iodine deficiency endemic area in Sudan.

Objectives: Data on neonatal and maternal thyroid function during labour in a mild iodine deficiency endemic area are lacking. The current study focuses on elucidating the thyroid function during labour, in a group of pregnant women who live in an area of mild iodine deficiency in Sudan compared to that observed in their corresponding newborns.

Measurements: Serum concentrations of TSH, thyroglobulin (Tg), triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4) were investigated during labour in a group of mothers and their neonates residing in an area with mild iodine deficiency in Sudan (n = 76 mother-newborn pairs).

Changes in iodine metabolism during late pregnancy and lactation: a longitudinal study among Sudanese women.

Objective: To elucidate the persistence, or otherwise, of the pregnancy-related changes in the iodine metabolism and thyroid function in a population residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency in the Sudan.

Design: A longitudinal prospective cohort study involving pregnant women who were recruited during their third trimester of pregnancy and were followed up for up to nine months after delivery.

Setting: The study was conducted among Sudanese women residing in the Omdurman area in Khartoum, an area with a total goitre rate of 17.

Endemic goiter with iodine sufficiency: a possible role for the consumption of pearl millet in the etiology of endemic goiter.

Background: Deficiencies of iodine, iron, and vitamin A are the 3 most common micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries, although control programs, when properly implemented, can be effective.

Objective: We investigated these deficiencies and their possible interaction in preschool children in the southern Blue Nile area of Sudan.

Design: Goiter, signs of vitamin A deficiency, and biochemical markers of thyroid, vitamin A, and iron status were assessed in 984 children aged 1-6 y.

Health-related quality of life in insulin-treated diabetic patients in the Sudan.

To determine health-related quality of life (HRQL) in people with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus in Sudan, a total of 89 patients aged 25-55 years and with > or = 5 years diabetes duration was studied. HRQL was measured with a 68-item questionnaire from the Medical Outcomes Study. Late diabetic complications were assessed, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured to assess the metabolic control.

Traditional fermentation increases goitrogenic activity in pearl millet.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that millet might play a role in the etiology of endemic goiter. Recently, we showed that a traditional fermentation procedure of two pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Lecke) cultivars grown in Sudan modified their effects on the weight of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone profile in rats.

Classification of newly-onset IDDIM and NIDDIM in subjects aged 25-45 years in Sudan.

Objectives: To investigate the ability of classifying diabetes mellitus with clinical and biochemical characteristics at diagnosis in 25-45 years old patients.

Design: We determined age, body mass index (BMI), ICA, fasting C-peptide and HbA1c at diagnosis, and after 4-27 months follow up, these variables were related to the type of treatment.

Setting: Omdurman Teaching Hospital, Sudan.

A high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the Danagla community in northern Sudan.

The prevalence and associated factors of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were studied in a tribal community with an apparently high diabetes prevalence. A sample of 724 subjects aged > or = 25 years was selected using a multi-stage cluster method and underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The crude prevalence of DM and IGT were 8.

Control of iodine deficiency using iodination of water in a goitre endemic area.

Salt iodination is the method of choice for prevention of iodine deficiency in most parts of the world. However, establishment of such a program frequently involves considerable changes in the marketing and distribution patterns and requires years to achieve. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of using well-defined water sources containing iodine-saturated silicon matrices for providing adequate iodine supply to an iodine deficient population in Kordofan State, Western Sudan.

A population-based study of the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in adults in northern Sudan.

Objective: To study the prevalence of glucose intolerance in adult urban and rural populations in the northern parts of Sudan.

Research Design And Methods: A sample of 1,284 subjects aged > or = 25 years was selected using a multistage cluster method and underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.

Results: The crude prevalence was 3.

Pattern of long-term complications in Sudanese insulin-treated diabetic patients.

The prevalence of long-term micro- and macrovascular complications was studied in 128 (M/F; 62:66) Sudanese insulin-treated diabetic patients aged 15-75 years and with > or = 1 year duration. Patients were recruited from the out-patient clinics of the general hospitals in three States in Sudan. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured to assess the degree of metabolic control.