The clinical range and management of spontaneous rupture of the pathological malarial spleen (SRPMS): A short case series from Sudan.

Introduction: Spontaneous rupture of the pathological malarial spleen (SRPMS) is a rare condition with a mortality rate among travelers of approximately 38 %, whereas it was around 10 % for local citizens. The mortality rate for overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis was reported to be about 50 %.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from febraury2022 to July 2022.

Impacts of storage conditions on the dissolution performance of commercial metronidazole tablets available in Saudi Arabia.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of storage conditions on the dissolution performance of commercial metronidazole (MTZ) tablets available in Saudi Arabia; these were coded as the reference and Test A, Test B, and Test C products. Moreover, the hardness and the disintegration time were measured. The UV spectrophotometrically analytical technique was utilized to quantify MTZ.

Effect of C7-3-Peptide-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Multi-Drug-Resistant .

Introduction: The emergence of -resistant strains represents one of the most urgent global threats. In this regard, C7-3 peptide is one of the anti-virulence therapies that has demonstrated promising anti-gonococcal activity. Accordingly, this research aimed to formulate C7-3 peptide and its derivatives in chitosan nanoparticles.

Heart surgery in a pediatric patient with congenital heart disease and hemophilia B: A case report from Sudan.

Key Clinical Message: A multidisciplinary team approach, careful hemostasis, and factor replacement therapy are important in the perioperative management of hemophiliac patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery.

Abstract: The combination of congenital heart diseases (CHD) and hemophilia is rare; furthermore, heart surgery and perioperative management of such cases is challenging. This report illustrates the challenges of pediatric cardiac surgery in an infant with both hemophilia B and CHD.

Past and future trends of Egypt's water consumption and its sources.

For millennia the Nile supplied Egypt with more water than needed. As the population grew and the economy expanded, demand on water increased accordingly. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis to reconstruct how total demand on water outstripped supply of the Nile water in the late 1970s, starting from a surplus of about 20 km per year in the 1960s leading to a deficit of about 40 km per year by the late 2010s.

On the Environmental Determinants of COVID-19 Seasonality.

Viral respiratory diseases (VRDs), such as influenza and COVID-19, are thought to spread faster during winter than during summer. It has been previously argued that cold and dry conditions are more conducive to the transmission of VRDs than warm and humid climates, although this relationship appears restricted to temperate regions and the causal relationship is not well understood. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19 has emerged as a serious global public health problem after the first COVID-19 reports in Wuhan, China, in late 2019.

Development of Inhalable Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ciprofloxacin for Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Treatment.

Purpose: Ciprofloxacin (CIP) has poor lung targeting after oral inhalation. This study developed optimized inhalable nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for CIP to enhance deposition and accumulation in deeper parts of the lungs for treatment of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB).

Methods: NLC formulations based on stearic acid and oleic acid were successfully prepared by hot homogenization and in vitro-characterized.

Huge hydro pneumoperitoneum reported as complication of perforated duodenal ulcer with interesting images.

This case has interesting images of huge hydro pneumoperitoneum. It is a rare view in the medical practice and a good point to learn one of the complications of perforated duodenal ulcer and failure of omental patch operation. We reported a case of acute abdominal pain with hydro pneumoperitoneum that appeared as an air fluid line in X-ray.

The Oral Administration of Lidocaine HCl Biodegradable Microspheres: Formulation and Optimization.

Purpose: Lidocaine (LID) is a local anesthetic that is administered either by injection and/or a topical/transdermal route. However, there is a current need to develop efficacious methods for the oral delivery of LID with optimized bioavailability.

Methods: We developed oral LID biodegradable microspheres that were loaded with alginate-chitosan with different mass ratios, and characterized these microspheres in vitro.

Statistical modeling of the effect of rainfall flushing on dengue transmission in Singapore.

Background: Rainfall patterns are one of the main drivers of dengue transmission as mosquitoes require standing water to reproduce. However, excess rainfall can be disruptive to the Aedes reproductive cycle by "flushing out" aquatic stages from breeding sites. We developed models to predict the occurrence of such "flushing" events from rainfall data and to evaluate the effect of flushing on dengue outbreak risk in Singapore between 2000 and 2016.

Prevention of malaria transmission around reservoirs: an observational and modelling study on the effect of wind direction and village location.

Background: Many large dams are constructed annually in Africa, with associated reservoirs that might exacerbate the risk of malaria in new villages built nearby. We aimed to investigate the heterogeneous risk of malaria around reservoirs related to the impact of wind direction on malaria transmission.

Methods: Between June 15, 2012, and April 22, 2015, we obtained field data on climate and hydrological conditions, and monitored Anopheles mosquito populations around the Koka reservoir in Ethiopia using in-situ weather stations, mosquito light traps, and larval dipping.

North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation.

North China Plain is the heartland of modern China. This fertile plain has experienced vast expansion of irrigated agriculture which cools surface temperature and moistens surface air, but boosts integrated measures of temperature and humidity, and hence enhances intensity of heatwaves. Here, we project based on an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model simulations that climate change would add significantly to the anthropogenic effects of irrigation, increasing the risk from heatwaves in this region.

Environmental Determinants of Malaria Transmission Around the Koka Reservoir in Ethiopia.

New dam construction is known to exacerbate malaria transmission in Africa as the vectors of malaria- mosquitoes-use bodies of water as breeding sites. Precise environmental mechanisms of how reservoirs exacerbate malaria transmission are yet to be identified. Understanding of these mechanisms should lead to a better assessment of the impacts of dam construction and to new prevention strategies.

Pharmaceutical evaluation of different shampoo brands in local Saudi market.

Shampooing is the most common form of hair treatment. Shampoos are primarily products aimed at cleansing the hair and scalp. There are many brands of shampoos in Saudi Arabia, available from different sources, locally and imported from other countries.

Modelling and observing the role of wind in Anopheles population dynamics around a reservoir.

Background: Wind conditions, as well as other environmental conditions, are likely to influence malaria transmission through the behaviours of Anopheles mosquitoes, especially around water-resource reservoirs. Wind-induced waves in a reservoir impose mortality on aquatic-stage mosquitoes. Mosquitoes' host-seeking activity is also influenced by wind through dispersion of [Formula: see text].

Patterns of Urban Housing Shape Dengue Distribution in Singapore at Neighborhood and Country Scales.

Dengue is the most important human arboviral disease in Singapore. We classified residential areas into low-rise and high-rise housing and investigated the influence of urban drainage on the distribution of dengue incidence and outdoor breeding at neighborhood and country scales. In Geylang area (August 2014 to August 2015), dengue incidence was higher in a subarea of low-rise housing compared to high-rise one, averaging 26.

Deadly heat waves projected in the densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia.

The risk associated with any climate change impact reflects intensity of natural hazard and level of human vulnerability. Previous work has shown that a wet-bulb temperature of 35°C can be considered an upper limit on human survivability. On the basis of an ensemble of high-resolution climate change simulations, we project that extremes of wet-bulb temperature in South Asia are likely to approach and, in a few locations, exceed this critical threshold by the late 21st century under the business-as-usual scenario of future greenhouse gas emissions.

Environmental determinants of malaria transmission in African villages.

Background: Malaria transmission is complex, involving a range of hydroclimatological, biological, and environmental processes. The high degree of non-linearity in these processes makes it difficult to predict and intervene against malaria. This study seeks both to define a minimal number of malaria transmission determinants, and to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable environmental manipulation to prevent malaria transmission.

A Sequence of Flushing and Drying of Breeding Habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) Prior to the Low Dengue Season in Singapore.

In dengue-endemic areas, transmission shows both a seasonal and interannual variability. To investigate how rainfall impacts dengue seasonality in Singapore, we carried out a longitudinal survey in the Geylang neighborhood from August 2014 to August 2015. The survey comprised of twice-weekly random inspections to outdoor breeding habitats and continuous monitoring for positive ones.

Laboratory experiments on stranding of Anopheles larvae under different shoreline environmental conditions.

Background: One of the concerns for future malaria epidemiology is the elevated risks of malaria around an ever-increasing number of dam sites. Controlling larval populations around reservoirs behind dams by manipulating the water levels of reservoirs could be an effective and sustainable measure for suppressing malaria epidemics; however, the effectiveness of the water-level manipulation and the contributing mechanisms have been poorly studied. In this paper, we focus on how water recession may lead to larval stranding.

Epidemiology of malaria in an area of seasonal transmission in Niger and implications for the design of a seasonal malaria chemoprevention strategy.

Background: Few data are available about malaria epidemiological situation in Niger. However, implementation of new strategies such as vaccination or seasonal treatment of a target population requires the knowledge of baseline epidemiological features of malaria. A population-based study was conducted to provide better characterization of malaria seasonal variations and population groups the most at risk in this particular area.

Projected impacts of climate change on environmental suitability for malaria transmission in West Africa.

Background: Climate change is expected to affect the distribution of environmental suitability for malaria transmission by altering temperature and rainfall patterns; however, the local and global impacts of climate change on malaria transmission are uncertain.

Objective: We assessed the effect of climate change on malaria transmission in West Africa.

Methods: We coupled a detailed mechanistic hydrology and entomology model with climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs) to predict changes in vectorial capacity, an indication of the risk of human malaria infections, resulting from changes in the availability of mosquito breeding sites and temperature-dependent development rates.

Incorporating the effects of humidity in a mechanistic model of Anopheles gambiae mosquito population dynamics in the Sahel region of Africa.

Background: Low levels of relative humidity are known to decrease the lifespan of mosquitoes. However, most current models of malaria transmission do not account for the effects of relative humidity on mosquito survival. In the Sahel, where relative humidity drops to levels <20% for several months of the year, we expect relative humidity to play a significant role in shaping the seasonal profile of mosquito populations.