Lipomatous adrenal metaplasia: computed tomography findings in 2 presumed cases.

We present 2 computed tomography cases of adult asymptomatic patients whose adrenal glands contained nonfocal collections of fat diffusely distributed throughout the limbs. Although no pathological proof is available, this pattern of fat distribution corresponds to a well-described pathological entity, lipomatous adrenal metaplasia.

Imaging of the placenta: a multimodality pictorial review.

The placenta is often overlooked in the routine evaluation of a normal gestation, receiving attention only when an abnormality is detected. Although uncommon, abnormalities of the placenta are important to recognize owing to the potential for maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Pathologic conditions of the placenta include placental causes of hemorrhage, gestational trophoblastic disease, retained products of conception, nontrophoblastic placental tumors, metastases, and cystic lesions.

Primary hepatic lymphoma: imaging findings.

Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all extranodal lymphomas. In this article, we retrospectively reviewed the imaging features of 12 pathologically proven cases of primary hepatic lymphoma.

Imaging of pancreas transplants: postoperative findings with clinical correlation.

Pancreas transplantation has become more commonplace over the past several decades. Consequently, the radiological evaluation of patients with such transplants has also become more common. Radiologists must therefore be familiar with the normal imaging appearances of pancreas transplant grafts as well as a wide variety of transplant-related complications.

Multidetector CT of pancreatic hemangiopericytoma.

Hemangiopericytoma is an aggressive, highly metastatic tumor of the soft tissues and meninges. Metastases have been reported in the liver, lungs, bones and rarely other organs. To the best of our knowledge, 18 cases of pancreatic metastases have been reported, but none have been described in the radiology literature.

Technique and diagnostic utility of saline infusion sonohysterography.

The introduction of saline infusion sonohysterography has significantly improved sonographic diagnosis of various endometrial pathologies. This procedure entails instillation of warm saline into the uterine cavity transcervically to provide enhanced visualization of the endometrium during transvaginal ultrasound examination. This article reviews the sonohysterography technique and current utility, as well as the spectrum of imaging features of various endometrial pathologies.

Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus: spectrum of imaging findings.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common multisystemic endocrine disorder. It can be complicated by several serious gastrointestinal manifestations that can be depicted by a variety of imaging methods. This article reviews the most commonly depicted gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary findings in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Cross-sectional imaging of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory disease.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the clinical and cross-sectional imaging features of a variety of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory diseases.

Conclusion: Inflammatory gallbladder diseases are a common source of abdominal pain and cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Although acute uncomplicated cholecystitis and chronic cholecystitis are frequently encountered, numerous other gallbladder inflammatory conditions may also occur that can be readily diagnosed by cross-sectional imaging.

Imaging of female urethral diverticulum: an update.

Female urethral diverticulum is an uncommon pathologic entity and can manifest with a variety of symptoms involving the lower urinary tract. Selection of the appropriate imaging modality is critical in establishing the diagnosis. Urethrography has traditionally been used in the evaluation of urethral diverticulum but provides only intraluminal information.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance features of renal Ewing sarcoma.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant tumor that primarily involves long and flat bones but can develop in almost any bone or soft tissue. ES accounts for 2.3-3.

Vascular malformation and hemangiomatosis syndromes: spectrum of imaging manifestations.

Objective: The purpose of this review is to describe the role of imaging and associated findings in the diagnosis of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, Proteus syndrome, Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome, and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.

Conclusion: Blue rubber bleb nevus, Proteus, Klippel-Trénaunay, and Kasabach-Merritt syndromes are a diverse group of vascular malformation and hemangiomatosis syndromes. Both cutaneous and visceral vascular lesions are associated with these disorders.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of renal synovial sarcoma: a case report.

Primary renal synovial sarcoma (SS) was first described in 2000 by Argani, with only a few subsequent cases being reported in the English literature. Herein, we describe a case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with right flank pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 6-cm mass in the lower pole of the right kidney.

Fat-suppressed dynamic and delayed gadolinium-enhanced volumetric interpolated breath-hold magnetic resonance imaging of cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective: To determine the enhancement phase providing the highest contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between cholangiocarcinoma and liver or portal vein on dynamic and delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Subjects And Methods: Precontrast, 3-phase dynamic postcontrast, and delayed postcontrast MRI of the liver was performed in 25 patients with cholangiocarcinoma and correlated with surgical findings, pathology, and other imaging studies. Contrast-to-noise ratios for tumor relative to adjacent liver and portal vein were calculated from signal intensities determined from regions of interest obtained for each phase of enhancement.

MRI characterization of 124 CT-indeterminate focal hepatic lesions: evaluation of clinical utility.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of MRI performed for characterization of focal hepatic lesions that are interpreted as indeterminate on CT.

Patients And Methods: In a retrospective investigation, 124 indeterminate focal hepatic lesions in 96 patients were identified on CT examinations over 5 years from 1997 to 2001. All patients had MRI performed for the liver within 6 weeks of their CT examination.

Utility of 3D magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is playing an increasingly important role in modern diagnostic radiology. The recent improvements in magnetic resonance (MR) hardware, scanning protocols and 3D volumetric reconstruction software have facilitated great expansion of the role of 3D imaging for use in hepatobiliary surgery. In this review, we address the various 3D reconstruction techniques used in MRI and demonstrate the value of 3D imaging in preoperative evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases.

The central scar: pathophysiology and imaging features.

The central scar is a relatively uncommon radiologic finding. However, when present, it is a highly useful imaging feature which may suggest a specific diagnosis in patients with renal, hepatic, or pancreatic masses of unknown etiology. This pictorial review will serve to illustrate the computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasonographic imaging features of abdominal neoplasms associated with a central scar.

Vaginal masses: magnetic resonance imaging features with pathologic correlation.

The detection of vaginal lesions has increased with the expanding use of cross-sectional imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - with its high-contrast resolution and multiplanar capabilities - is often useful for characterizing vaginal masses. Vaginal masses can be classified as congenital, inflammatory, cystic (benign), and neoplastic (benign or malignant) in etiology.

Closed-loop small-bowel obstruction: diagnostic patterns by multidetector computed tomography.

Multidetector computed tomography is a highly accurate method in evaluating high-grade intestinal obstruction. Closed-loop obstruction is a relatively uncommon subcategory of small-bowel obstruction; however, it is associated with a high risk of vascular impairment and is, therefore, important to diagnose accurately. Closed-loop obstruction is often caused by conditions such as internal hernias, congenital bands, postoperative adhesions, and malrotation.

Imaging manifestations of Meckel's diverticulum.

Objective: Meckel's diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract, found in 2% of the population in autopsy studies. Most patients remain asymptomatic during their lifetime. Complications of Meckel's diverticulum are reported to occur in approximately 4-40% of patients and include inflammation (diverticulitis), hemorrhage, intussusception, small-bowel obstruction, stone formation, and neoplasm.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the gallbladder: spectrum of abnormalities.

Various pathologies involving the gallbladder can manifest clinically, producing nonspecific clinical symptoms and making diagnosis difficult and challenging. Real-time sonography is the most widely used diagnostic study for the gallbladder and the primary screening examination of choice. With increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), gallbladder pathology is frequently seen.

Retroperitoneal masses: magnetic resonance imaging findings with pathologic correlation.

Primary retroperitoneal masses are a rare but diverse group of benign and malignant processes. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is playing an increasing role in evaluating retroperitoneal soft-tissue masses. Since the MR imaging features of most retroperitoneal soft-tissue masses are nonspecific, prediction of a specific histologic diagnosis remains a challenge for the radiologist.

CT of pregnancy-related complications.

During pregnancy, the risk of radiation exposure to the fetus is increased so that more than the usual benefit is necessary to justify computed tomography (CT; or other radiation exposure) than in non-pregnant patients. In the setting of a life-threatening illness, CT may be indicated to assess for potentially fatal complications such as hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. After delivery, patients rarely develop serious problems requiring radiologic evaluation.

Value of magnetic resonance imaging in muscle trauma.

While most muscle injuries are recognized clinically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the ideal noninvasive test to assess their extent and severity, which impacts therapy and influences prognosis. Typical examples of these injuries include muscle contusions, lacerations, sprains, and delayed onset muscle soreness. For other less common traumatic muscle conditions (exertional compartment syndrome, muscle herniation, and traumatic denervation), the clinical findings are often subtle or ambiguous and MRI will indicate the correct diagnosis.

Pancreatic tumors: diagnostic patterns by 3D gradient-echo post contrast magnetic resonance imaging with pathologic correlation.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has considerable potential in characterizing pancreatic masses. Certain features can be used by the radiologist to establish a definitive diagnosis for most pancreatic tumors including ductal adenocarcinoma, islet cell tumors, solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms, micro- and macrocystic adenoma, and metastases. Recognition of these tumors on imaging is important since it often changes the treatment approach and may obviate the need for surgery.

MR and MRCP in the evaluation of primary sclerosing cholangitis: current applications and imaging findings.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive cholestatic disease of unknown etiology leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Several imaging modalities have been used to study this disease, including ultrasonography, computed tomography and hepatobiliary scintigraphy, but accurate diagnosis was found to be best made with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or direct cholangiography. However, these 2 methods are invasive and may produce serious complications.