Clarity and applicability of adverse drug reaction-related monitoring instructions in clinical practice guidelines for children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic drugs: a review of six clinical practice guidelines.

Objectives: Monitoring instructions related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are not always clearly described in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and not always easily applicable in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the clarity of presentation and the applicability of ADR-related monitoring instructions in CPGs for children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic drugs.

Setting: Guidelines from different countries were selected, and monitoring instructions for 13 ADR-related parameters were assessed.

Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reaction-Related Parameters in Children, Youth, and Young Adults Prescribed Antipsychotic Drugs by General Practitioners.

The aim of the study was to assess monitoring of adverse drug reaction (ADR)-related parameters in children, youth, and young adults treated with second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) prescribed by general practitioners (GPs). This retrospective follow-up study included children, youth, and young adults aged 0 - 24 years, who had an initial prescription of an SGA recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 2000 and 2017, and who were prescribed an SGA more than once for a duration of at least 6 months. It included an assessment of which ADR-related physical parameters (weight, height, body-mass index, waist circumference, pulse, blood pressure, and heart examination) and laboratory parameters (glucose, HbA1c, lipids, and prolactin) were monitored in children, youth, and young adults at least once every 6-month period, stratified by sex, age categories, and calendar years.

Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reaction-Related Parameters in Children and Adolescents Treated With Antipsychotic Drugs in Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics.

To assess the frequency of monitoring of adverse drug reaction (ADR) related parameters in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic drugs in psychiatric outpatient clinics and the considerations when monitoring was not performed. This retrospective follow-up study included 100 randomly selected outpatients aged ≤18 years who had a first prescription of an antipsychotic drug recorded in the electronic medical records of psychiatric outpatient clinics between 2014 and 2017. They were followed for up to 3 years.

Which Child Will Benefit From a Behavioral Intervention for ADHD? A Pilot Study to Predict Intervention Efficacy From Individual Reward Sensitivity.

This article aims to assess whether individual differences in reward sensitivity can be used to predict which children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will benefit most from behavioral interventions that include reinforcement. A 12-week behavioral intervention was offered to 21 children with ADHD and their parents. Reward sensitivity was assessed prior to the intervention using a combination of psychological and physiological measures.

Reported Adverse Drug Reactions in Children and Adolescents Treated with Antipsychotics.

Objectives: To characterize reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics and determine differences in relative reporting frequency between genders, age classes, and reporter types.

Methods: Individual case safety reports of children ages 1 - 17 years in whom an antipsychotic drug was the suspected or interacting drug from the worldwide database, VigiBase, from 1968 until March 2017, were included. Reported ADRs were categorized based on the Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Queries and clinical reasoning.

Monitoring of Metabolic, Cardiac, and Endocrine Indicators in Youth Treated With Antipsychotics as Reported by Health Care Professionals.

Background: It is unclear how youth treated with antipsychotics are monitored. The purpose of this study was to assess monitoring of metabolic, cardiac, and endocrine indicators in youth (<18 years old) treated with antipsychotics as reported by health care professionals in the Netherlands.

Methods: A questionnaire was designed to collect information from health care professionals regarding the monitoring of youth treated with antipsychotics.

Investigation of previously implicated genetic variants in chronic tic disorders: a transmission disequilibrium test approach.

Genetic studies in Tourette syndrome (TS) are characterized by scattered and poorly replicated findings. We aimed to replicate findings from candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our cohort included 465 probands with chronic tic disorder (93% TS) and both parents from 412 families (some probands were siblings).

Pre- and perinatal complications in relation to Tourette syndrome and co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Pre- and perinatal complications have been implicated in the onset and clinical expression of Tourette syndrome albeit with considerable inconsistencies across studies. Also, little is known about their role in co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with a tic disorder. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of pre- and perinatal complications in relation to the presence and symptom severity of chronic tic disorder and co-occurring OCD and ADHD using data of 1113 participants from the Tourette International Collaborative Genetics study.

Differences in ADHD medication usage patterns in children and adolescents from different cultural backgrounds in the Netherlands.

Purpose: Differences in incidence and prevalence of ADHD medication use between ethnic groups have been reported. Goal of this study was to determine whether there are also differences in usage patterns of ADHD medication among native Dutch children and adolescents and those with a Moroccan, Turkish and Surinam cultural background in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2010.

Methods: In a cohort of ADHD patients <19 years (N = 817) incident use and discontinuation of ADHD medication were measured for ethnicity and adjusted for age, gender and socio-economic status.

Effectiveness of the Incredible Years Parenting Program for Families with Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and Ethnic Minority Backgrounds.

Families with socioeconomically disadvantaged and ethnic minority backgrounds are often hard to reach for the prevention and treatment of disruptive child behavior problems. We examined whether the Incredible Years parenting intervention can successfully reach and benefit families with socioeconomic disadvantaged and ethnic minority backgrounds in the Netherlands. One hundred fifty-four families from a wide range of socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds were recruited in an outpatient clinic for child and adolescent psychiatry and in elementary schools serving deprived neighborhoods.

Association between ADHD drug use and injuries among children and adolescents.

To study the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug use and the incidence of hospitalization due to injuries. A random sample of 150,000 persons (0-18 years) was obtained from the Dutch PHARMO record linkage system. An ADHD medication cohort as well as an up to six age/sex/index date sampled control cohort with no history of ADHD drug use was formed.

Less discontinuation of ADHD drug use since the availability of long-acting ADHD medication in children, adolescents and adults under the age of 45 years in the Netherlands.

Treatment options for ADHD in the Netherlands have increased with the introduction of the extended-release formulations of methylphenidate (MPH ER, Concerta(®)) in 2003 and atomoxetine (ATX, Strattera(®)) in 2005, but data on the effect on drug usage patterns are scarce. The objective of the present study was to describe changes in the patterns of ADHD medication use and determinants thereof among children, adolescents and adults (<45 years) starting ADHD medication since the introduction of MPH ER and ATX. Data were obtained from Dutch community pharmacies as collected by the Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics, covering 97% of all dispenses for prescription medicines to outpatients in the Netherlands.

Trends in incidence and characteristics of children, adolescents, and adults initiating immediate- or extended-release methylphenidate or atomoxetine in the Netherlands during 2001-2006.

Background: Previous Dutch studies showed increasing psychostimulant use, especially methylphenidate immediate-release (MPH-IR), between 1995 and 2003. In 2003 the extended-release (ER) formulation of MPH and in 2005 atomoxetine (ATX) were introduced in The Netherlands, which increased treatment options.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the change in incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs and the prescription profiles of patients younger than 45 years starting treatment with these medicines between 2001 and 2006.

Current issues around the pharmacotherapy of ADHD in children and adults.

Background: New drugs and new formulations enter the growing market for ADHD medication. The growing awareness of possible persistence of ADHD impairment beyond childhood and adolescence resulting in increased pharmacotherapy of ADHD in adults, is also a good reason for making an inventory of the what is generally known about pharmacotherapy in ADHD.

Aim: To discuss current issues in the possible pharmacotherapy treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents and adults with respect to the position of pharmacotherapy in ADHD treatment guidelines, the pharmacoepidemiological trends, and current concerns about the drugs used.

Familial vulnerability to ADHD affects activity in the cerebellum in addition to the prefrontal systems.

Objective: Familial vulnerability to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been shown to be related to atypical prefrontal activity during cognitive control tasks. However, ADHD is associated with deficits in the cerebellum as well as deficits in frontostriatal circuitry and associated cognitive control. In this study, we investigated whether cerebellar systems are sensitive to familial risk for ADHD in addition to frontostriatal circuitry.