The role of CT angiography in the evaluation of pediatric renovascular hypertension.

Historically, the evaluation of renovascular hypertension has been accomplished by US, renal scintigraphy and digital subtraction angiography. Based on its high accuracy reported in adults renal CT angiography (CTA) with pediatric-appropriate low radiation dose techniques has become an important tool in the workup of renovascular hypertension in children. Renal CTA has several advantages over more conventional imaging modalities, including rapid and non-invasive acquisition, high resolution and easy reproducibility.

Percutaneous CT-guided vertebral bone biopsy in children.

Background: Few published series are dedicated solely to CT-guided vertebral bone biopsy in children.

Objective: The objective of our study was to review the diagnostic yield of CT-guided vertebral bone biopsy in children.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of 26 consecutive CT-guided vertebral bone biopsies during a 7-year period in 24 children (16 girls and 8 boys), mean age 8.

Radiologically placed tunneled hemodialysis catheters: a single pediatric institutional experience of 120 patients.

Purpose: To report the outcome of tunneled dialysis catheter insertion in 120 patients.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of the interventional radiology database and electronic medical records of 120 patients who had tunneled dialysis catheters inserted from April 1997 to July 2010 was performed with institutional review board approval. There were 61 female patients and 59 male patients, with a mean age of 13.

Percutaneous sclerotherapy in neonatal and infant head and neck lymphatic malformations: a single center experience.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of percutaneous sclerotherapy for congenital head and neck lymphatic malformations in our institution.

Materials And Methods: Over a 7-year period, 17 children (10 M, 7 F) mean age 5.8 months (5 days to 13 months) underwent 49 sclerotherapy procedures for congenital head and neck malformations.

Pediatric vascular malformations: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and the role of interventional radiology.

The Mulliken and Glowacki classification (1982) differentiated vascular anomalies into two groups based on their endothelial characteristics: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Vascular anomalies are localized defects of the vasculature that affect a limited number of vessels in a restricted area of the body. These defects are secondary to errors in vascular morphogenesis.

Spectrum of renal findings in pediatric fibromuscular dysplasia and neurofibromatosis type 1.

Background: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are the most common causes of pediatric renal artery stenosis (RAS) in western countries, and characterization of their angiographic features could aid in an accurate diagnosis and in treatment.

Objective: This study characterizes renal angiographic findings in pediatric fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1).

Materials And Methods: We reviewed 68 angiograms performed over 11 years on 43 children with renovascular hypertension (20 male, 23 females; ages 1 month to -19 years; median/average 9.

Angioplasty for renal artery stenosis in pediatric patients: an 11-year retrospective experience.

Purpose: Studies of long-term percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) results have been less extensive in children than in adults. The authors sought to evaluate the outcomes of PTA for pediatric renovascular hypertension.

Materials And Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated 19 hypertensive children (ages 2-18 years) who underwent renal PTA from 1997-2009.

Pediatric enteric feeding techniques: insertion, maintenance, and management of problems.

Enteral feeding is considered a widespread, well-accepted means of delivering nutrition to adults and children who are unable to consume food by mouth or who need support in maintaining adequate nutrition for a variety of reasons, including acute and chronic disease states. Delivery of enteral feeding to nutritionally deprived patients may be achieved by several means. In this article, the indications and insertion of enteral access in children will be reviewed.

Cholestatic liver disease in long-term infantile nephropathic cystinosis.

Background: Cystinosis is a metabolic disease characterized by accumulation of cystine in different organs and tissues, leading to potentially life-threatening organ dysfunction. Infantile cystinosis typically leads to end-stage renal disease, necessitating renal replacement therapy. Liver disease in cystinosis is rare and is mostly reported as nodular regenerative hyperplasia leading to portal hypertension.

Congenital and developmental pancreatic anomalies: ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging features.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the most common anatomic, congenital, and developmental anomalies of the pancreas. Familiarity with the imaging appearances of these anomalies as well as the range of normal appearance is important to differentiate them from other conditions, especially since some of these variants are commonly encountered. Basic knowledge of the normal embryology is of utmost importance to be able to recognize these disorders.

Disorders of the pediatric pancreas: imaging features.

The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the normal development of the pancreas as well as pancreatic pathology in children. Diagnostic imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of the pancreas in infants and children. Familiarity with the range of normal appearance and the diseases that commonly affect this gland is important for the accurate and timely diagnosis of pancreatic disorders in the pediatric population.

Tuberous sclerosis with cystic renal disease and multifocal renal cell carcinoma in a baby girl.

An infant, in whom the prenatal diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex was made, presented with extreme bilateral nephromegaly owing to diffuse cystic changes. Histology of the resected non-functioning left kidney revealed, in addition to the characteristic cysts, two foci of renal cell carcinoma not visible on US or MRI. This infant is exceptional given the extensive cystic transformation of both kidneys and the presence of malignant lesions at this young age.