PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: Current research in breast cancer.

Introduction: Immunotherapy has shown encouraging outcomes in breast cancer (BC) treatment in recent years. The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) transmembrane protein is suggested to function as a co-inhibitory factor in the immune response, where it collaborates with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to stimulate apoptosis, suppress cytokine release from PD-1 positive cells, and limit the growth of PD-1 positive cells. Furthermore, in many malignancies, PD-L1 reduces the immune system's response to neoplastic cells.

Pleiotrophin serum level and metastasis occurrence in breast cancer patients.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) cases in Makassar, Indonesia, are on the rise, with 2723 cases recorded in 2018. Tumor cells in the blood indicate metastasis, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and monitoring. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is associated with various human malignancies, and recent studies suggest a correlation between PTN expression and advanced BC stages; therefore, PTN could serve as an independent predictor of metastasis.

Comparison of tumor size, histopathological grade, and molecular subtype of breast cancer at a single center study.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequent cancer-related death among women worldwide. Factors influencing BC patients' survival include histopathological grade, histopathological type, stage, hormonal receptors, and number of mitotic images.

Objective: To compare the tumor size, histopathological grade, and molecular type of BC patients.

Platelet count and breast cancer stage.

Introduction: The relationship between increased platelet count and cancer classification stage has long been established. The prevalence of thrombocytosis varies from 10% to 57% in cancer patients. The pathogenesis of thrombocytosis in malignancy is uncertain.

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression is significantly correlated with HER2 expression in late-stage breast cancer patients.

Background: Molecular marker analysis has become important in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment and may reveal new mechanisms in breast cancer pathogenesis. Aside from the commonly used hormonal receptors and HER2, VEGF-A has been increasingly shown to be important in breast cancer diagnosis and pathogenesis.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between VEGF-A expression on ER and PR and HER2 hormonal status in patients with late-stage breast cancer (locally advanced or with distant metastases).

Comparison of outcomes in patients with luminal type breast cancer treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A cohort retrospective study.

Introduction: Premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer require ablation therapy via a pharmacological or surgical approach. Data comparing outcomes between treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs and treatment with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) in Indonesia remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare incidence of local recurrence and metastasis, and overall survival (OS) in patients with luminal type breast cancer treated using the two approaches.

Relationship between body mass index and cholesterol levels with histopathological grading of breast cancer.

Background: Breast cancer, a global health problem with a high mortality rate, has several risk factors, including obesity and increased lipid profile. Postmenopausal obesity is associated with estrogen production from adipose tissue, while abnormal cell growth is triggered by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin. Obesity could be assessed by measuring body mass index (BMI).

The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and its association with histopathological grade, stage of disease, and occurrence of metastasis in breast cancer.

Introduction: Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a role in tumor escape and progression by inactivating T lymphocytes. The aim of the study reported here was to determine the relationship between the expression of PD-L1 and histopathological grade, stage of disease, and the occurrence of metastasis in breast cancer.

Methods: The observational cross-sectional study involved analyzing the expression of PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry.

Overexpression of NF-kB as a predictor of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast cancer.

Background: Cancer cells can defend themselves against apoptosis by activating NF-κB. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity has also been associated with chemotherapy resistance.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the relationship between NF-κB expression and intrinsic subtypes and anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in patients with locally advanced breast cancer.