Palm oil is the main cash crop of tropical Asia, and the implementation of LPWAN (low-power wide-area network) technologies for smart agriculture applications in palm oil plantations will benefit the palm oil industry in terms of making more revenue. This research attempts to characterize the LoRa 433 MHz frequency channels for the available spreading factors (SF7-SF12) and bandwidths (125 kHz, 250 kHz, and 500 kHz) for wireless sensor networks. The LoRa channel modeling in terms of path-loss calculation uses empirical measurements of RSS (received signal strength) in a palm oil plantation located in Selangor, Malaysia.
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