ASL-MRI-guided evaluation of multiple burr hole revascularization surgery in Moyamoya disease.

Purpose: Moyamoya (MM) disease is characterized by progressive intracranial arterial stenosis. Patients commonly need revascularization surgery to optimize cerebral blood flow (CBF). Estimation of CBF and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) is therefore necessary before and after surgery.

Chronic cerebral blood flow alterations in traumatic brain injury and sports-related concussions.

Primary Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and sports-related concussion (SRC) may result in chronic functional and neuroanatomical changes. We tested the hypothesis that neuroimaging findings (cerebral blood flow (CBF), cortical thickness, and H-magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy (MRS)) were associated to cognitive function, TBI severity, and sex.

Research Design: Eleven controls, 12 athletes symptomatic following ≥3SRCs and 6 patients with moderate-severe TBI underwent MR scanning for evaluation of cortical thickness, brain metabolites (MRS), and CBF using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL).

Refined Analysis of Chronic White Matter Changes after Traumatic Brain Injury and Repeated Sports-Related Concussions: Of Use in Targeted Rehabilitative Approaches?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) or repeated sport-related concussions (rSRC) may lead to long-term memory impairment. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is helpful to reveal global white matter damage but may underestimate focal abnormalities. We investigated the distribution of post-injury regional white matter changes after TBI and rSRC.

Evaluation of Arterial Spin Labeling MRI-Comparison with O-Water PET on an Integrated PET/MR Scanner.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements are of high clinical value and can be acquired non-invasively with no radiation exposure using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL). The aim of this study was to evaluate accordance in resting state CBF between ASL (CBF) and O-water positron emission tomography (PET) (CBF) acquired simultaneously on an integrated 3T PET/MR system. The data comprised ASL and dynamic O-water PET data with arterial blood sampling of eighteen subjects (eight patients with focal epilepsy and ten healthy controls, age 21 to 61 years).

Tau aggregation and increased neuroinflammation in athletes after sports-related concussions and in traumatic brain injury patients - A PET/MR study.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and repeated sports-related concussions (rSRCs) are associated with an increased risk for neurodegeneration. Autopsy findings of selected cohorts of long-term TBI survivors and rSRC athletes reveal increased tau aggregation and a persistent neuroinflammation. To assess in vivo tau aggregation and neuroinflammation in young adult TBI and rSRC cohorts, we evaluated 9 healthy controls (mean age 26 ± 5 years; 4 males, 5 females), 12 symptomatic athletes (26 ± 7 years; 6 males, 6 females) attaining ≥3 previous SRCs, and 6 moderate-to severe TBI patients (27 ± 7 years; 4 males, 2 females) in a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) scanner ≥6 months post-injury.

Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Electrical Cardioversion of Recent Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Anticoagulant-Naïve Patients - A Prospective Study Exploring Clinically Silent Cerebral Lesions.

Background: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a high incidence of cognitive impairment, which may be related to clinically silent microembolism causing cerebral infarctions.

Objective: To explore the occurrence and timing of silent brain lesions following electrical cardioversion (CV) of recent onset AF in anticoagulant-naïve patients and to study related effects on cognitive function and biomarkers of cerebral damage, S100b.

Methods: Patients with AF duration > 48 hours were prospectively included.

Visual rating versus volumetry of regional brain atrophy and longitudinal changes over a 5-year period in an elderly population.

Introduction: The purpose of our study was to compare visual rating and volumetry of brain atrophy in an elderly population over a 5-year period and compare findings with cognitive test results.

Materials And Methods: Two hundred and one subjects were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Visual rating and volumetry were performed in all subjects at ages 75 and 80.

Cerebral Perfusion Does Not Increase after Shunt Surgery for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Background And Purpose: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been reported to increase after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The aims of this study were to investigate if CBF, measured using the noninvasive perfusion MRI method arterial spin labeling (ASL), increased after shunt surgery, if postoperative change in CBF correlated with improvement in symptoms, and if baseline CBF data correlated with postoperative outcome.

Methods: Twenty-three patients with iNPH were prospectively included and examined with MRI of the brain and clinical tests of symptoms at baseline.

Diagnostic accuracy of the iNPH Radscale in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Background And Purpose: The idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) Radscale was developed to standardize the evaluation of radiological signs in iNPH. The purpose of this study was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the iNPH Radscale in a sample of "true positive" and "true negative" cases.

Methods: Seventy-five patients with definite iNPH, i.

Functional connectivity underlying hedonic response to food in female adolescents with atypical AN: the role of somatosensory and salience networks.

Atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) usually occurs during adolescence. Patients are often in the normal-weight range at diagnosis; however, they often present with signs of medical complications and severe restraint over eating, body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem. We investigated functional circuitry underlying the hedonic response in 28 female adolescent patients diagnosed with atypical AN and 33 healthy controls.

Neuroimaging, genetic, clinical, and demographic predictors of treatment response in patients with social anxiety disorder.

Background: Correct prediction of treatment response is a central goal of precision psychiatry. Here, we tested the predictive accuracy of a variety of pre-treatment patient characteristics, including clinical, demographic, molecular genetic, and neuroimaging markers, for treatment response in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD).

Methods: Forty-seven SAD patients (mean±SD age 33.

Standardized acquisition and post-processing of dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion in patients with brain tumors, cerebrovascular disease and dementia: comparability of post-processing software.

Objective: MR-perfusion post-processing still lacks standardization. This study evaluates the results of perfusion analysis with two established software solutions in a large series of patients with different diseases when a highly standardized processing workflow is ensured.

Methods: Multicenter data of 260 patients (80 with brain tumors, 124 with cerebrovascular disease and 56 with dementia examined with the same MR protocol) were analyzed.

A study of neural activity and functional connectivity within the olfactory brain network in Parkinson's disease.

Olfactory dysfunction is an early manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aimed to illustrate potential differences between PD patients and healthy controls in terms of neural activity and functional connectivity within the olfactory brain network. Twenty PD patients and twenty healthy controls were examined with olfactory fMRI and resting-state fMRI.

Diagnostic value of alternative techniques to gadolinium-based contrast agents in MR neuroimaging-a comprehensive overview.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) increase lesion detection and improve disease characterization for many cerebral pathologies investigated with MRI. These agents, introduced in the late 1980s, are in wide use today. However, some non-ionic linear GBCAs have been associated with the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney failure.

Standardized image evaluation in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: consistency and reproducibility.

Purpose: Assess the agreement for two investigators between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for seven imaging features included in the iNPH Radscale, a radiological screening tool.

Methods: The study included 35 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) who were treated surgically from 2011 to 2015 at Uppsala University Hospital with preoperative CT and MRI performed with maximum 3 months between scans. Seven features were assessed: Evans' index, temporal horn size, callosal angle, periventricular white matter changes, narrow high convexity sulci, focally enlarged sulci, and enlarged Sylvian fissures.

Sustained remission in multiple sclerosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Objectives: To determine whether treatment with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can induce sustained complete remission in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Material And Methods: Case series of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 10) treated at a single center between 2004 and 2007 and followed up for 10 years. The patients were treated with a BEAM/ATG conditioning regimen (n = 9) or a cyclophosphamide/ATG conditioning regimen (n = 1) followed by infusion of unmanipulated autologous hematopoietic stem cells.

A novel radiological classification system for cerebral gliomas: The Brain-Grid.

Purpose: Standard radiological/topographical classifications of gliomas often do not reflect the real extension of the tumor within the lobar-cortical anatomy. Furthermore, these systems do not provide information on the relationship between tumor growth and the subcortical white matter architecture. We propose the use of an anatomically standardized grid system (the Brain-Grid) to merge serial morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with a representative tractographic atlas.

Preserved white matter microstructure in adolescent patients with atypical anorexia nervosa.

Objective: Patients with atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) are often in the normal-weight range at presentation; however, signs of starvation and medical instability are not rare. White matter (WM) microstructural correlates of atypical AN have not yet been investigated, leaving an important gap in our knowledge regarding the neural pathogenesis of this disorder.

Method: We investigated WM microstructural integrity in 25 drug-naïve adolescent patients with atypical AN and 25 healthy controls, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach.

Reduced resting-state connectivity in areas involved in processing of face-related social cues in female adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa.

Atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) has a high incidence in adolescents and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Neuroimaging could improve our knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs), however research on adolescents with EDs is limited. To date no neuroimaging studies have been conducted to investigate brain functional connectivity in atypical AN.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may act as a biomarker for vascular damage in normal appearing brain tissue after radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma.

Background: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is a promising perfusion method and may be useful in evaluating radiation-induced changes in normal-appearing brain tissue.

Purpose: To assess whether radiotherapy induces changes in vascular permeability (K) and the fractional volume of the extravascular extracellular space (V) derived from DCE-MRI in normal-appearing brain tissue and possible relationships to radiation dose given.

Material And Methods: Seventeen patients with glioblastoma treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy were included; five were excluded because of inconsistencies in the radiotherapy protocol or early drop-out.

Evaluation of zero-echo-time attenuation correction for integrated PET/MR brain imaging-comparison to head atlas and Ge-transmission-based attenuation correction.

Background: MRI does not offer a direct method to obtain attenuation correction maps as its predecessors (stand-alone PET and PET/CT), and bone visualisation is particularly challenging. Recently, zero-echo-time (ZTE) was suggested for MR-based attenuation correction (AC). The aim of this work was to evaluate ZTE- and atlas-AC by comparison to Ge-transmission scan-based AC.

Z-score maps from low-dose F-FDG PET of the brain in neurodegenerative dementia.

Neuroimaging is a central part of diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected neurodegenerative disease. FDG-PET can reveal pathological changes earlier and more reliably than morphological imaging. Diagnostic accuracy can be improved by constructing 3D SSP Z-score maps, showing patterns of significant deficits.

Region-by-region analysis of PET, MRI, and histology in en bloc-resected oligodendrogliomas reveals intra-tumoral heterogeneity.

Purpose: Oligodendrogliomas are heterogeneous tumors in terms of imaging appearance, and a deeper understanding of the histopathological tumor characteristics in correlation to imaging parameters is needed. We used PET-to-MRI-to-histology co-registration with the aim of studying intra-tumoral C-methionine (MET) uptake in relation to tumor perfusion and the protein expression of histological cell markers in corresponding areas.

Methods: Consecutive histological sections of four tumors covering the entire en bloc-removed tumor were immunostained with antibodies against IDH1-mutated protein (tumor cells), Ki67 (proliferating cells), and CD34 (blood vessels).

Small Vessel Disease on Neuroimaging in a 75-Year-Old Cohort (PIVUS): Comparison With Cognitive and Executive Tests.

: Signs of small vessel disease (SVD) are commonly seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in cognitively healthy elderly individuals, and the clinical relevance of these are often unclear. We have previously described three different MRI manifestations of SVD as well as cerebral perfusion in a longitudinal study of non-demented 75-year-old subjects. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of these findings to cognition and executive function at age 75 and changes after 5 years.