Breast cancer is a significant health challenge worldwide, and disproportionately affects women of African ancestry (AA) who experience higher mortality rates relative to other racial/ethnic groups. Several studies have pointed to biological factors that affect breast cancer outcomes. A recently discovered stromal cell population that expresses P ROCR, Z EB1 and P DGFRα (PZP cells) was found to be enriched in normal healthy breast tissue from AA donors, and only in tumor adjacent tissues from donors of European ancestry (EA).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn the first quarter of 2020, nearly all U.S. medical schools transitioned to virtual instruction and removed medical students from clinical settings because of the emerging COVID-19 pandemic.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: Sleep disruption (SD) impairs sustained attention, and impairment is quantified with the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) in humans. In rats, food restriction attenuates SD's effects on sustained attention, limiting translation of rodent vigilance tests. The goal of the current study was to determine if a rodent PVT (rPVT) requiring high baseline performance using food restriction and reinforcement is sensitive to the effects of SD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTo date, research on the welfare impacts of wildlife contraceptives has mostly been focused on the potential harms of contraceptives. However, there are compelling theoretical reasons to expect direct and indirect welfare benefits of wildlife contraceptives. These positive welfare effects would be experienced by more than just the treated individuals, because per capita resource availability will increase with decreasing numbers of individuals sharing a resource.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDecision-making based on noisy evidence requires accumulating evidence and categorizing it to form a choice. Here we evaluate a proposed feedforward and modular mapping of this process in rats: evidence accumulated in anterodorsal striatum (ADS) is categorized in prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). Contrary to this, we show that both regions appear to be indistinguishable in their encoding/decoding of accumulator value and communicate this information bidirectionally.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBenign ovarian lesions in the pediatric population have variable risk of recurrence or development of metachronous lesions, leading to variations in operative approach. Our study compares outcomes with differing surgical approaches to better elucidate risk of recurrent or metachronous lesions, time to development of these lesions, and hospital length of stay to determine if one operative approach has superior outcomes. We retrospectively examined data from Indiana University Health facilities from 2002 to 2020.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhen the COVID-19 pandemic emerged early in 2020, the American Medical Association's (AMA) Accelerating Change in Medical Education Consortium focused on maintaining its community of 37 medical schools and 11 graduate medical education projects along with the core substance of its work. The initial response was to cancel events and reduce the workload of consortium members, but it quickly became clear that the consortium needed additional strategies. The constituents needed resources, support, and community.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlmost one quarter of physicians and physicians-in-training in the United States are international medical graduates (IMGs), meaning they have graduated from a medical school not accredited in the United States. Some IMGs are U.S.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProblem: Medical education must evolve to meet the changing needs of patients and communities. Innovation is a critical component of that evolution. As medical educators pursue innovative curricula, assessments, and evaluation techniques, the impact of innovations may be limited by minimal funding.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFollowing medical school, most newly graduated physicians enter residency training. This period of graduate medical education (GME) is critical to creating a physician workforce with the specialized skills needed to care for the population. Completing GME training is also a requirement for obtaining medical licensure in all 50 states.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObesity is increasing worldwide, including in pediatrics. Adequate nutrition is required for initiation of menses, and there is a clear secular trend toward earlier pubertal onset and menarche in females in countries around the globe. Similar findings of earlier pubertal start are suggested in males.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with a high risk of primary ovarian insufficiency. Current guidelines recommend early fertility counseling for affected youth and their families. This study assessed clinical providers' (MD, NP, or PA) fertility counseling practices for girls with TS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMedical education and the health system must address challenges that, despite significant effort, seem unsolvable. Health systems science (HSS)-the fundamental understanding of how care is delivered, how health professionals work together to deliver that care, and how the health system can improve patient care and health care delivery-is increasingly being recognized as a potential source of solutions to these challenges. In this article, the authors review the 43 abstracts submitted to the American Medical Association Accelerating Change in Medical Education 2018 Health Systems Science Student Impact Competition that aligned with the goals of HSS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe American Medical Association's (AMA's) Accelerating Change in Medical Education (ACE) initiative, launched in 2013 to foster advancements in undergraduate medical education, has led to the development and scaling of innovations influencing the full continuum of medical training. Initial grants of $1 million were awarded to 11 U.S.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFColloquially referred to as "taste," flavor is in reality a thoroughly multisensory experience. Yet, a mechanistic understanding of the multisensory computations underlying flavor perception and food choice is lacking. Here, we used a multisensory flavor choice task in rats to test specific predictions of the statistically optimal integration framework, which has previously yielded much insight into cue integration in other multisensory systems.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: To understand patients' qualitative experiences with the Support, Educate, Empower (SEE) personalized glaucoma coaching program, provide a richer understanding of the components of the intervention that were useful in eliciting behavior change, and understand how to improve the SEE Program.
Design: A concurrent mixed-methods process analysis.
Participants: Thirty-nine patients with a diagnosis of any kind of glaucoma or ocular hypertension who were aged ≥40 years, were taking ≥1 glaucoma medication, spoke English, self-administered their eye drops, and had poor glaucoma medication adherence (defined as taking ≤80% of prescribed medication doses assessed via electronic medication adherence monitors) who completed the 7-month SEE Program.
U.S. medical schools are facing growing competition for limited clinical training resources, notably slots for the core clerkships that students most often complete in the third year of their undergraduate medical education.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe mechanisms by which taste and odor are combined in determining food choice behavior are poorly understood. Previous work in human subjects has yielded mixed results, potentially due to differences in task context across studies, and a lack of control over flavor experience. Here, we used rats as a model system to systematically investigate the role of experience and unisensory component liking in the multisensory interactions underlying consumption behavior.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProblem: Medical education needs to evolve to continue producing physicians who are able to meet the needs of diverse patient populations. Students can be a unique source of ideas about medical education transformation.
Approach: In the fall of 2015, the authors created the American Medical Association Medical Education Innovation Challenge, an incentive-based competition for teams of two to four students.