Adiposity throughout Adulthood and Risk of Young-Onset Breast Cancer Tumor Subtypes in the Young Women's Health History Study.

Background: The role of adult adiposity in young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) subtype risk is not well understood.

Methods: In this population-based case (n = 1812)-control (n = 1,381) study of invasive YOBC (ages <50 years), cases were identified from the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries, 2010 to 2015. Area-based, frequency-matched controls were sampled from the 2010 Census.

Postpartum Breast Cancer and Survival in Women With Germline BRCA Pathogenic Variants.

Importance: In young-onset breast cancer (YOBC), a diagnosis within 5 to 10 years of childbirth is associated with increased mortality. Women with germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PVs) are more likely to be diagnosed with BC at younger ages, but the impact of childbirth on mortality is unknown.

Objective: To determine whether time between most recent childbirth and BC diagnosis is associated with mortality among patients with YOBC and germline BRCA1/2 PVs.

Lifetime alcohol consumption patterns and young-onset breast cancer by subtype among Non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women's Health History Study.

Purpose: The role of alcohol in young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) is unclear. We examined associations between lifetime alcohol consumption and YOBC in the Young Women's Health History Study, a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among Non-Hispanic Black and White women < 50 years of age.

Methods: Breast cancer cases (n = 1,812) were diagnosed in the Metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registry areas, 2010-2015.

Lifetime personal cigarette smoking and risk of young-onset breast cancer by subtype among non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women's Health History Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between lifetime personal cigarette smoking and young-onset breast cancer (YOBC; diagnosed <50 years of age) risk overall and by breast cancer (BC) subtype, and whether risk varies by race or socioeconomic position (SEP).

Methods: Data are from the Young Women's Health History Study (YWHHS), a population-based case-control study of non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) women, ages 20-49 years (n = 1812 cases, n = 1381 controls) in the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry areas, 2010-2015. Lifetime personal cigarette smoking characteristics and YOBC risk by subtype were examined using sample-weighted, multivariable-adjusted polytomous logistic regression.

Body Mass Index Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Postmenopausal Interval Breast Cancer: Results from the Women's Health Initiative.

Interval breast cancer refers to cancer diagnosed after a negative screening mammogram and before the next scheduled screening mammogram. Interval breast cancer has worse prognosis than screening-detected cancer. Body mass index (BMI) influences the accuracy of mammography and overall postmenopausal breast cancer risk, yet how is obesity associated with postmenopausal interval breast cancer incidence is unclear.

Diet-Driven Inflammation and Insulinemia and Risk of Interval Breast Cancer.

Interval breast cancers (IBCs) emerge after a non-suspicious mammogram and before the patient's next scheduled screen. Risk factors associated with IBC have not been identified. This study evaluated if the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) or empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) scores are associated with IBC compared to screen-detected breast cancer.

Theory, methods, and operational results of the Young Women's Health History Study: a study of young-onset breast cancer incidence in Black and White women.

Purpose: The etiology of young-onset breast cancer (BC) is poorly understood, despite its greater likelihood of being hormone receptor-negative with a worse prognosis and persistent racial and socioeconomic inequities. We conducted a population-based case-control study of BC among young Black and White women and here discuss the theory that informed our study, exposures collected, study methods, and operational results.

Methods: Cases were non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) women age 20-49 years with invasive BC in metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registries 2010-2015.

Effects of changes in lunch-time competitive foods, nutrition practices, and nutrition policies on low-income middle-school children's diets.

Background: The School Nutrition Advances Kids project tested the effectiveness of school-initiated and state-recommended school nutrition practice and policy changes on student dietary intake in low-income middle schools.

Methods: Schools recruited by an application for grant funding were randomly assigned to (1) complete an assessment of nutrition education, policies, and environments using the Healthy School Action Tools (HSAT) and implement an action plan, (2) complete the HSAT, implement an action plan, and convene a student nutrition action team, (3) complete the HSAT and implement an action plan and a Michigan State Board of Education nutrition policy in their cafeteria à la carte, or (4) a control group. All intervention schools were provided with funding and assistance to make self-selected nutrition practice, policy, or education changes.

A population-based case-control study of fetal growth, gestational age, and maternal breast cancer.

Fetal growth or gestational age in a woman's pregnancies may modify pregnancy-related breast cancer risk, yet studies of these exposures are few. The authors conducted a population-based case-control study among parous Michigan women aged ≤50 years using linked Michigan Cancer Registry (1985-2004) and Michigan livebirth records (1978-2004). Breast cancer cases (n = 7,591) were matched 1:4 to controls (n = 28,382) on maternal birth year and race.

Polymorphisms in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and advanced colorectal adenoma risk.

While germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene cause the hereditary colon cancer syndrome (familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)), the role of common germline APC variants in sporadic adenomatous polyposis remains unclear. We studied the association of eight APC single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), possibly associated with functional consequences, and previously identified gene-environment (dietary fat intake and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use) interactions, in relation to advanced colorectal adenoma in 758 cases and 767 sex- and race-matched controls, randomly selected from the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Cases had at least one verified advanced adenoma of the distal colon; controls, a negative sigmoidoscopy.

Pregnancy characteristics and maternal breast cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature.

The short- and long-term effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk are well documented. Insight into potential biological mechanisms for these associations may be gained by studying breast cancer risk and pregnancy characteristics (e.g.

Dietary predictors of the insulin-like growth factor system in adolescent females: results from the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC).

Background: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is associated with the adult diet and chronic disease. Childhood diet may influence chronic disease through its effect on the IGF system; however, there is limited information describing the dietary predictors of the IGF system in adolescents.

Objective: We examined associations between dietary food intake [fat, protein (animal and vegetable), carbohydrate, lactose, dietary fiber, calcium, zinc, and sodium] and serum IGF-I, IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and the IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratio in adolescent females.

Lifetime reproductive and anthropometric risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Hormonally-linked adult reproductive and anthropometric risk factors have been well established in the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer, though early life exposures have been evaluated only more recently. Here, we examine the evidence for associations between lifetime reproductive and anthropometric risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. The review finds some evidence for the hypothesis that breast cancer risk is determined by the number of susceptible stem cells, modified by the hormonal environment.

Understanding the increased risk of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies among Mexico-born women in California: immigration and anthropometric factors.

Mexico-born women in the United States have an unexplained twofold increased risk of neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancies. We examined whether immigration characteristics were associated with the NTD risk and whether anthropometric factors contributed to the increased risk among Mexico-born women. Data were derived from a large population-based case-control study in California.

Empirically derived dietary patterns and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a large prospective cohort study.

Background: Inconsistent associations have been reported between diet and breast cancer.

Objective: We prospectively examined the association between dietary patterns and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a US-wide cohort study.

Design: Data were analyzed from 40 559 women who completed a self-administered 61-item Block food-frequency questionnaire in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, 1987-1998; 1868 of those women developed breast cancer.

Dietary sources of nutrients among rural Native American and white children.

Objective: To identify important food sources of energy, fiber, and major macro- and micronutrients among rural Native American and white children.

Design: In a 1997 cross-sectional study, food frequency questionnaire data were collected during in-person interviews with caregivers of young children.

Subjects/setting: Participants included a representative sample of 329 rural Native American and non-Hispanic white children aged 1 through 6 years living in northeastern Oklahoma.

Meat, fat, and their subtypes as risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women.

The authors investigated the association of intakes of meat and fat with colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women in the United States. Between 1987 and 1989, 45,496 women completed a 62-item National Cancer Institute/Block food frequency questionnaire, and during 386,716 person-years of follow-up, there were 487 incident cases of colorectal cancer. The authors used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for total meat, red meat, white meat, processed meat, and well-done meat intakes, as well as for total fat, saturated fat, and unsaturated fat.

Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort.

Background: Recent findings have cast doubt on the hypothesis that high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer.

Objective: In a large prospective cohort of women, we examined the association between fruit and vegetable intakes and colorectal cancer.

Design: Between 1987 and 1989, 45490 women with no history of colorectal cancer satisfactorily completed a 62-item Block-National Cancer Institute food-frequency questionnaire.