The absolute risk of incident type 2 diabetes following exposure to systemic corticosteroids in selected steroid-related and phenotypic groups.

Aims: Exposure to corticosteroids is known to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We estimated the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in selected patient groups exposed to systemic corticosteroids.

Materials And Methods: In a retrospective, observational cohort study, using real-world data from UK primary care, patients were selected who had at least one episode of exposure to oral or intravenous corticosteroids for any indication.

The financial burden of treating patients presenting with acute and chronic cough.

Objective: Coughing is a common symptom and responsible for a large number of healthcare visits. This study aimed to characterize healthcare resource use and associated financial costs in people with acute or chronic cough.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study using routine data from the UK National Health Service.

Characterization and Associated Costs of Constipation Relating to Exposure to Strong Opioids in England: An Observational Study.

Purpose: Opioid use is associated with gastrointestinal adverse events, including nausea and constipation. We used a real-world dataset to characterize the health care burden associated with opioid-induced constipation (OIC) with particular emphasis on strong opioids.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a large UK primary care dataset linked to hospital data.

Insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone and disease outcomes in acromegaly: A population study.

Context: A lack of consensus remains about the relative importance of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH) in predicting adverse outcomes in patients with acromegaly.

Objective: To describe the differing association between IGF-1 and GH and major disease outcomes in acromegaly.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Evaluation of the epidemiology of peanut allergy in the United Kingdom.

: To describe the epidemiology of peanut allergy (PA) in the UK over the last three decades.: PA patients were identified from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1987 and 2015. Incidence and prevalence of PA were compared between 2000 and 2015.

The Model of Mortality with Incident Cirrhosis (MoMIC) and the model of Long-term Outlook of Mortality in Cirrhosis (LOMiC).

The purpose of this study was to produce two statistical survival models in those with cirrhosis utilising only routine parameters, including non-liver-related clinical factors that influence survival. The first model identified and utilised factors impacting short-term survival to 90-days post incident diagnosis, and a further model characterised factors that impacted survival following this acute phase. Data were from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked with Hospital Episode Statistics.

Major adverse cardiovascular events in people with chronic kidney disease in relation to disease severity and diabetes status.

Diabetes plays an important role in the complex relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease. This retrospective observational study compared the influence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria on the risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; myocardial infarction or stroke) in CKD patients with and without diabetes. Data were from a linked database of UK electronic health records.

Evaluation of the healthcare resource use and the related financial costs of managing peanut allergy in the United Kingdom.

: We aimed to estimate the resource use and associated costs for patients with peanut allergy (PA) compared to matched controls. : This was a retrospective cohort study using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Hospital Episode Statistics. PA patients were matched to two control cohorts: the first (simple-matched) were matched 1:1 on year of birth, general practice, gender and registration year.

Hospital admissions for severe infections in people with chronic kidney disease in relation to renal disease severity and diabetes status.

Background: Immunosuppressive agents are being investigated for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) but may increase risk of infection. This was a retrospective observational study intended to evaluate the risk of hospitalized infection in patients with CKD, by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria status, aiming to identify the most appropriate disease stage for immunosuppressive intervention.

Methods: Routine UK primary-care and linked secondary-care data were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of rifaximin-α for the management of patients with hepatic encephalopathy in the United Kingdom.

Objective: Rifaximin-α 550 mg twice daily plus lactulose has demonstrated efficacy in reducing recurrence of episodes of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) and the risk of hepatic encephalopathy (HE)-related hospitalizations compared with lactulose alone. This analysis estimated the cost effectiveness of rifaximin-α 550 mg twice daily plus lactulose versus lactulose alone in United Kingdom (UK) cirrhotic patients with OHE.

Method: A Markov model was built to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Is Associated With Adverse Mental Health and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism and subfertility, but the effects on mental health and child neurodevelopment are unclear.

Objectives: To determine if (1) there is an association between PCOS and psychiatric outcomes and (2) whether rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are higher in children of mothers with PCOS.

Design: Data were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of fluocinolone acetonide 190 µg intravitreal implant in diabetic macular edema: a comparison between study and fellow eyes.

Objectives: To compare visual and anatomical outcomes between eyes treated with fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) 190 µg intravitreal implant for clinically significant chronic diabetic macular edema (DME) and fellow eyes not treated with FAc implant using data from the Iluvien Clinical Evidence study in the UK (ICE-UK) study.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data on people attending hospital eye services and treated with the FAc implant between April 1, 2013 and April 15, 2015 were collected. Changes in visual acuity (VA), central foveal thickness (CFT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were compared between study eyes (intervention) and fellow eyes.

Effectiveness of the capsaicin 8% patch in the management of peripheral neuropathic pain in European clinical practice: the ASCEND study.

Background: In randomised studies, the capsaicin 8% patch has demonstrated effective pain relief in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) arising from different aetiologies.

Methods: ASCEND was an open-label, non-interventional study of patients with non-diabetes-related PNP who received capsaicin 8% patch treatment, according to usual clinical practice, and were followed for ≤52 weeks. Co-primary endpoints were percentage change in the mean numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) 'average daily pain' score from baseline to the average of Weeks 2 and 8 following first treatment; and median time from first to second treatment.

Healthcare resource utilization and related financial costs associated with glucose lowering with either exenatide or basal insulin: A retrospective cohort study.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem placing increasing demands on healthcare systems. Our objective was to estimate healthcare resource use and related financial costs following treatment with exenatide-based regimens prescribed as once-weekly (EQW) or twice-daily (EBID) formulations, compared with regimens based on basal insulin (BI).

Materials And Methods: This retrospective cohort study used data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES).

Risk of cardiovascular events, arrhythmia and all-cause mortality associated with clarithromycin versus alternative antibiotics prescribed for respiratory tract infections: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To determine whether treatment with clarithromycin for respiratory tract infections was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, arrhythmias or all-cause mortality compared with other antibiotics.

Design: Retrospective cohort design comparing clarithromycin monotherapy for lower (LRTI) or upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) with other antibiotic monotherapies for the same indication.

Setting: Routine primary care data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and inpatient data from the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES).

Non-Response to Antibiotic Treatment in Adolescents for Four Common Infections in UK Primary Care 1991-2012: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Study.

We studied non-response rates to antibiotics in the under-reported subgroup of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old, using standardised criteria representing antibiotic treatment failure. Routine, primary care data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) were used. Annual, non-response rates by antibiotics and by indication were determined.

The impact on hospital resource utilisation of treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin-α.

Background & Aims: Rifaximin-α reduces the risk of recurrence of overt hepatic encephalopathy. However, there remain concerns regarding the financial cost of the drug. We aimed to study the impact of treatment with rifaximin-α on healthcare resource utilisation using data from seven UK liver treatment centres.

Comparative estimated effectiveness of antibiotic classes as initial and secondary treatments of respiratory tract infections: longitudinal analysis of routine data from UK primary care 1991-2012.

Purpose To compare the estimated effectiveness of seven frequently prescribed antibiotic classes as initial and secondary treatments of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) 1991-2012. The main outcome measure was a surrogate for estimated antibiotic effectiveness. Methods Routine, primary care data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) were used.

Antibiotic treatment failure in four common infections in UK primary care 1991-2012: longitudinal analysis.

Objective: To characterise failure of antibiotic treatment in primary care in the United Kingdom in four common infection classes from 1991 to 2012.

Design: Longitudinal analysis of failure rates for first line antibiotic monotherapies associated with diagnoses for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and acute otitis media.

Setting: Routine primary care data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD).