Disentangling gender, sex, and biology: a mixed methods study of gender identity data collection tools.

Objectives: We used community-based mixed methods to test whether transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people preferred gender identity questions developed by community members over current questions in use and generate hypotheses about data collection preferences.

Methods: We interviewed twenty TGD adults in English and Spanish, asking them to rate and discuss their responses to questions. We analyzed quantitative data with descriptive statistics and qualitative data with template analysis, then integrated them.

Getting precise about gender and sex measurement: a primer for epidemiologists.

Accurately measuring gender and sex is crucial in public health and epidemiology. Iteratively reexamining how variables-including gender and sex-are conceptualized and operationalized is necessary to achieve impactful research. Reexamining gender and sex advances epidemiology toward its goals of health promotion and disease elimination.

The future of sex and gender in research.

Our understanding of sex and gender evolves. We asked scientists about their work and the future of sex and gender research. They discuss, among other things, interdisciplinary collaboration, moving beyond binary conceptualizations, accounting for intersecting factors, reproductive strategies, expanding research on sex-related differences, and sex's dynamic nature.

Inequities in Conversion Practice Exposure at the Intersection of Ethnoracial and Gender Identities.

To examine inequities in conversion practice exposure across intersections of ethnoracial groups and gender identity in the United States. Data were obtained from The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality Study of sexual and gender minority people from 2019 to 2021 (n = 9274). We considered 3 outcomes: lifetime exposure, age of first exposure, and period between first and last exposure among those exposed to conversion practices.

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Improving Outcomes in Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

A major focus of academia, industry, and global governmental agencies is to develop and apply artificial intelligence and other advanced analytical tools to transform health care delivery. The American Heart Association supports the creation of tools and services that would further the science and practice of precision medicine by enabling more precise approaches to cardiovascular and stroke research, prevention, and care of individuals and populations. Nevertheless, several challenges exist, and few artificial intelligence tools have been shown to improve cardiovascular and stroke care sufficiently to be widely adopted.

Effects of Race and Gender Classifications on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimates for Clinical Decision-Making in a Cohort of Black Transgender Women.

Introduction: Despite their dynamic, socially constructed, and imprecise nature, both race and gender are included in common risk calculators used for clinical decision-making about statin therapy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention.

Methods And Materials: We assessed the effect of manipulating six different race-gender categories on ASCVD risk scores among 90 Black transgender women.

Results: Risk scores varied by operationalization of race and gender and affected the proportion for whom statins were recommended.

Computational phenotyping within electronic healthcare data to identify transgender people in the United States: A narrative review.

Purpose: With the expansion of research utilizing electronic healthcare data to identify transgender (TG) population health trends, the validity of computational phenotype (CP) algorithms to identify TG patients is not well understood. We aim to identify the current state of the literature that has utilized CPs to identify TG people within electronic healthcare data and their validity, potential gaps, and a synthesis of future recommendations based on past studies.

Methods: Authors searched the National Library of Medicine's PubMed, Scopus, and the American Psychological Association PsycInfo's databases to identify studies published in the United States that applied CPs to identify TG people within electronic healthcare data.

Intersectional Disparities in Emergency Medicine Residents' Performance Assessments by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex.

Importance: Previous studies have demonstrated sex-specific disparities in performance assessments among emergency medicine (EM) residents. However, less work has focused on intersectional disparities by ethnoracial identity and sex in resident performance assessments.

Objective: To estimate intersectional sex-specific ethnoracial disparities in standardized EM resident assessments.

Translating Intersectionality to Fair Machine Learning in Health Sciences.

Fairness approaches in machine learning should involve more than assessment of performance metrics across groups. Shifting the focus away from model metrics, we reframe fairness through the lens of intersectionality, a Black feminist theoretical framework that contextualizes individuals in interacting systems of power and oppression.

Fair admission risk prediction with proportional multicalibration.

Fair calibration is a widely desirable fairness criteria in risk prediction contexts. One way to measure and achieve fair calibration is with multicalibration. Multicalibration constrains calibration error among flexibly-defined subpopulations while maintaining overall calibration.

Gender-Related Health Care Discrimination and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Transgender and Nonbinary Young Adults in the United States.

Although transgender and nonbinary (TNB) people can acquire human papillomavirus (HPV), research examining HPV vaccination in these populations is scarce. TNB individuals experience high levels of gender-related health care discrimination, which may undermine HPV vaccine uptake. Using data from a national online survey (=716), we found a negative association between gender-related health care discrimination and HPV vaccination among transgender women and nonbinary individuals who were assigned male at birth (AMAB; odds ratio [OR]=0.

Transgender/nonbinary young adults' exposure to cissexism-related social stressors: Variation across gender groups.

Background: Young adults who are transgender and/or nonbinary (TNB) experience discrimination, violence, and other social stressors as a result of cissexism, the system of power relations that marginalizes people whose genders diverge from sociocultural expectations for the sex they were assigned at birth. However, variation in TNB young adults' exposure to social stressors across gender groups, particularly specific nonbinary gender groups (e.g.

A mixed-methods assessment of off-duty police shootings in a media-curated database.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine rates of killings perpetrated by off-duty police and news coverage of those killings, by victim race and gender, and to qualitatively evaluate the contexts in which those killings occur.

Data Sources And Study Setting: We used the Mapping Police Violence database to curate a dataset of killings perpetrated by off-duty police (2013-2021, N = 242). We obtained data from Media Cloud to assess news coverage of each off-duty police-perpetrated killing.

Operationalizing inclusion: moving from an elusive goal to strategic action.

To mitigate the structural and institutional biases that contribute to inequities in health, we need a diverse cadre of individuals to feel included and advance within our field in order to bring a multicultural set of perspectives to the studies we conduct, the science we generate, the health and academic systems we design, and the medical and scientific knowledge we impart. There has been increasing focus on diversity, inclusion, and equity in recent years; however, often these terms are presented without adequate precision and, therefore, the inability to effectively operationalize inclusion and achieve diversity within organizations. This narrative review details several key studies, with the primary objective of presenting a roadmap to guide defining, measuring, and operationalizing inclusion within work and learning environments.

Cisheteronormativity and its influence on the psychosocial experience of LGBTQ+ people with cancer: A qualitative systematic review.

Objective: Cisheteronormativity refers to the relationship of heterosexual and cisgender privilege stemming from patriarchy. Although studies have shown that cisheteronormativity can impact health outcomes for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other sexual, gender diverse, and gender nonconforming (LGBTQ+) people, the specific impact on cancer care has not been described. We synthesized the qualitative evidence on how cisheteronormativity impacts the psychosocial experience of LGBTQ+ people with cancer.

Community Support Persons and Mitigating Obstetric Racism During Childbirth.

Purpose: We undertook a study to assess whether presence of community support persons (CSPs), with no hospital affiliation or alignment, mitigates acts of obstetric racism during hospitalization for labor, birth, and immediate postpartum care.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional cohort study, measuring 3 domains of obstetric racism as defined for, by, and with Black birthing people: humanity (violation of safety and accountability, autonomy, communication and information exchange, and empathy); kinship (denial or disruption of community and familial bonds that support Black birthing people); and racism in the form of anti-Black racism and misogynoir (weaponization of societal stereotypes and scripts in service provision that reproduce gendered anti-Black racism in the hospital). We used a novel, validated instrument, the Patient-Reported Experience Measure of Obstetric Racism (the PREM-OB Scale suite), and linear regression analysis to determine the association between CSP presence during hospital births and obstetric racism.

Mapping Community-Engaged Implementation Strategies with Transgender Scientists, Stakeholders, and Trans-Led Community Organizations.

Purpose Of Review: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) represents one of the most effective methods of prevention for HIV, but remains inequitable, leaving many transgender and nonbinary (trans) individuals unable to benefit from this resource. Deploying community-engaged PrEP implementation strategies for trans populations will be crucial for ending the HIV epidemic.

Recent Findings: While most PrEP studies have progressed in addressing pertinent research questions about gender-affirming care and PrEP at the biomedical and clinical levels, research on how to best implement gender-affirming PrEP systems at the social, community, and structural levels remains outstanding.

Needs Assessment of Gender-Affirming Face, Neck, and Voice Procedures and the Role of Gender Dysphoria.

Objective: To assess the needs of transgender and nonbinary (TNB) adults for gender-affirming face, neck, and voice procedures.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: Online, February to May 2022.

Awareness Among Transgender and Nonbinary Adults of the Otolaryngologist's Role in Providing Gender-Affirming Care Services.

Objective: To assess transgender and nonbinary adults' awareness of Otolaryngologists' (ENT) and speech-language pathologists' (SLP) ability to perform various face, neck, and voice procedures for gender-affirming purposes.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: Online, from February to May 2022.