Are the first-trimester levels of PAPP-A and fb-hCG predictors for obstetrical complications in diabetic pregnancy?

Objective: To assess the levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (fb-hCG) in cases of diabetic pregnancy, to determine whether these biomarkers can be considered significant predictors for macrosomia, preeclampsia (PE), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth in mothers with different types of pregestational diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: It was a retrospective cohort study. Study groups were presented: type 1 DM ( = 100), type 2 DM ( = 50), and controls ( = 25).