Translocation of Dense Granule Effectors across the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane in Infected Cells Requires the Activity of ROP17, a Rhoptry Protein Kinase.

tachyzoites co-opt host cell functions through introduction of a large set of rhoptry- and dense granule-derived effector proteins. These effectors reach the host cytosol through different means: direct injection for rhoptry effectors and translocation across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) for dense granule (GRA) effectors. The machinery that translocates these GRA effectors has recently been partially elucidated, revealing three components, MYR1, MYR2, and MYR3.