Workforce development in community pharmacies in England: Opportunities and tensions for a private sector provider of NHS services.

Background: The intention to more effectively mobilise and integrate the capabilities of the community pharmacy workforce within primary care is clearly stated within National Health Service (NHS) England policy. The Pharmacy Integration Fund (PhIF) was established in 2016 to support the development of clinical pharmacy practice in a range of primary care settings, including community pharmacy.

Objective: This study sought to determine how PhIF funded learning pathways for post-registration pharmacists and accuracy checking pharmacy technicians enabled community pharmacy workforce transformation, in what circumstances, and why.

Preparing pharmacists for the Community Pharmacist Consultation Service: a questionnaire survey.

Objectives: The Community Pharmacist Consultation Service launched in England in 2019. Patients requiring urgent care were referred from National Health Service-based telephone/digital triage or general practice to a community pharmacist, who provided a consultation, which could include a physical examination. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a learning programme to prepare community pharmacists for the service.

Community Pharmacist Consultation Service: A Survey Exploring Factors Facilitating or Hindering Community Pharmacists' Ability to Apply Learnt Skills in Practice.

Background: The NHS Community Pharmacist Consultation Service (CPCS) offers patients requiring urgent care a consultation with a community pharmacist, following referral from general practice or urgent care. The study explored the impact of undertaking a Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE) CPCS learning programme, and barriers and enablers to CPCS delivery.

Methods: CPPE distributed an online survey to those who had undertaken their CPCS learning.

"A little bit more looking…listening and feeling" A qualitative interview study exploring advanced clinical practice in primary care and community pharmacy.

Background Growing demands on healthcare globally, combined with workforce shortages, have led to greater skill mix in healthcare settings. Pharmacists are increasingly moving into complex areas of practice, a move supported by policy and education/training changes. Aim To understand the nature of extended roles for pharmacists practising at an advanced level in primary care and community pharmacy settings, to explore how clinical and physical examination was incorporated into practice and to understand the impact of providing such examination on practice and on patient relationships.

Supporting patients with long-term conditions in the community: Evaluation of the Greater Manchester Community Pharmacy Care Plan Service.

The Greater Manchester Community Pharmacy Care Plan (GMCPCP) service provided tailored care plans to help adults with one or more qualifying long-term condition (hypertension, asthma, diabetes and COPD) to achieve health goals and better self-management of their long-term conditions. The service ran between February and December 2017. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the service on patient activation, as measured by the PAM measure (primary outcome).

Evaluating the implementation and impact of a pharmacy technician-supported medicines administration service designed to reduce omitted doses in hospitals: a qualitative study.

Background: Of the various types of medication administration error that occur in hospitals, dose omissions are consistently reported as among the most common. It has been suggested that greater involvement from pharmacy teams could help address this problem. A pilot service, called pharmacy TECHnician supported MEDicines administration (TECHMED), was introduced in an English NHS hospital for a four-week period in order to reduce preventable medication dose omissions.

Independent prescribing in primary care: A survey of patients', prescribers' and colleagues' perceptions and experiences.

Besides doctors and dentists, an increasing range of healthcare professionals, such as nurses, pharmacists and podiatrists, can become independent prescribers (IPs). As part of an evaluation for independent prescribing funded training, this study investigated views and experiences of IPs, their colleagues and patients about independent prescribing within primary care. Questionnaires capturing quantitative and qualitative data were developed for IPs, their colleagues and patients, informed by existing literature and validated instruments.

Extending the scope of community pharmacists' practice to patients requiring urgent care - An evaluation of a training programme using the Theoretical Domains Framework.

Redesigned health systems could meet the rising demand for healthcare, with community pharmacy currently an underused resource for the treatment and management of patients requiring urgent care. This study aimed to investigate whether a training intervention delivered over 2 days to community pharmacists resulted in behaviour and practice change. Validated measures of psychological motivation and capability factors relevant to understanding behaviour and behaviour change were collected 1 week before, 1 week after and 2 months after training in a non-controlled before and after study design.

Factors influencing pharmacist performance: a review of the peer-reviewed literature.

Objectives: To undertake a review of peer-reviewed literature to explore factors affecting pharmacists' performance.

Methods: The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge and PsychInfo. Inclusion criteria were: English language only, published between 1990 and 2010 and published in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia, New Zealand or Europe.

Workload in community pharmacies in the UK and its impact on patient safety and pharmacists' well-being: a review of the evidence.

New contractual frameworks for community pharmacy are believed to have increased workload for pharmacists; too much work has been implicated in high profile cases of dispensing errors leading to patient harm, and concerns about pharmacists' well-being. A review was undertaken to ascertain whether community pharmacists' workload has increased and whether links between workload and patient safety and pharmacists' well-being have been established. We searched Scopus; EMBASE; MEDLINE; PubMed; CINAHL; PsychINFO; ASSIA; E-pic, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts for research published between 1989 and 2010 containing data on UK community pharmacy workload, and on its consequences when workload was found to be a determinant of either patient or pharmacist outcomes.

Balancing the benefits and risks of drug treatment: a stated-preference, discrete choice experiment with patients with psoriasis.

Objective: To examine the extent to which the attributes of a treatment affect patients' choice of treatment for psoriasis and the magnitude and nature of trade-offs between risks and benefits of treatment.

Design: A questionnaire, including a stated-preference, discrete choice experiment, was used to elicit patients' preferences for the treatment of psoriasis.

Setting: Dermatology clinics in England.

Women's preferences for the provision of emergency hormonal contraception services.

Objective: To elicit women's preferences for routes of supply for emergency hormonal contraception (EHC). The objectives were to identify which attributes of services women regard as important and to identify how women trade off reductions in one attribute for an improvement in another.

Method: A stated preference discrete choice experiment.