Differential development of antibiotic resistance and virulence between species.

Unlabelled: The two species that account for most cases of -associated bacteremia in the United Kingdom are , often a commensal but also an emerging pathogen, and , a well-known antibiotic-resistant species. While these species both cause similar types of human infection and occupy the same niche, (unlike ) has thus far remained susceptible to antibiotics. Comparatively little is known about the biology of , and this is the largest study on it conducted to date, providing valuable insights into its behaviour and potential threat to human health.

RND pumps across the genus : AdeIJK is the universal efflux pump.

are generally soil-dwelling organisms that can also cause serious human infections. is one of the most common causative agents of infections and is often multidrug resistant. However, an additional 25 species within the genus have also been associated with infection.

Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to resist the action of antimicrobials is critical to recognize global patterns of resistance and to improve the use of current drugs, as well as for the design of new drugs less susceptible to resistance development and novel strategies to combat resistance. In this Review, we explore recent advances in understanding how resistance genes contribute to the biology of the host, new structural details of relevant molecular events underpinning resistance, the identification of new resistance gene families and the interactions between different resistance mechanisms.

RND efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria; regulation, structure and role in antibiotic resistance.

Rresistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria remove multiple, structurally distinct classes of antimicrobials from inside bacterial cells therefore directly contributing to multidrug resistance. There is also emerging evidence that many other mechanisms of antibiotic resistance rely on the intrinsic resistance conferred by RND efflux. In addition to their role in antibiotic resistance, new information has become available about the natural role of RND pumps including their established role in virulence of many Gram-negative organisms.