Background: We explored the hypothesis that measurements of mRNA encoding interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) or the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in urinary cells offer a noninvasive means of elucidating cellular traffic causing acute rejection of human renal allografts.
Methods: We obtained 63 urine specimens from 58 renal allograft recipients who underwent 63 allograft biopsies to resolve the basis for graft dysfunction, and 27 additional urine samples from 24 other patients with stable allograft function. Twenty-seven of the 63 biopsies were classified as acute rejection, 20 as other, and 16 as chronic allograft nephropathy.