Biomarkers from subcutaneous engineered tissues predict acute rejection of organ allografts.

Invasive graft biopsies assess the efficacy of immunosuppression through lagging indicators of transplant rejection. We report on a microporous scaffold implant as a minimally invasive immunological niche to assay rejection before graft injury. Adoptive transfer of T cells into Rag2 mice with mismatched allografts induced acute cellular allograft rejection (ACAR), with subsequent validation in wild-type animals.