Defining Occult High-Risk Cysts of the Pineal Region: A Case Series.

Background: Absence of hydrocephalus on neuroimaging may impart a false sense of security for patients with pineal cysts. In this case series, we characterize a subset of patients with pineal cysts having an occult presentation. Unifying features of worsening paroxysmal headaches suggesting intermittent obstructive hydrocephalus and radiographic evidence of third ventricular invagination characterize these patients as high risk.

Imaging of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee White Paper.

Imaging in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients is not targeted at evaluating the transplant per se. Rather, imaging is largely confined to evaluating peri-procedural and post-procedural complications. Alternatively, imaging may be performed to establish a baseline study for comparison should the patient develop certain post-procedural complications.

Imaging of pediatric thyroid tumors: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee White Paper.

Pediatric thyroid cancer is rare in children; however, incidence is increasing. Papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer are the most common subtypes, comprising about 90% and 10% of cases, respectively. This paper provides consensus imaging recommendations for evaluation of pediatric patients with thyroid cancer at diagnosis and during follow-up.

Benign longitudinal T2-hyperintense signal in the lateral cord in infancy: a cross-sectional study of spinal cord white matter maturation on magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: Longitudinal T2-hyperintense signal is commonly seen in the spinal cord of infants and likely reflects normal unmyelinated white matter tracts, but it can be mistaken for pathology. Autopsy studies have described incomplete myelination of spinal cord in early childhood; however, the maturation timeline of the spinal cord has not been described on imaging.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the maturation timeline of the spinal cord on MRI to provide a baseline for image interpretation.

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for ablation of mesial temporal epilepsy circuits: modeling and theoretical feasibility of a novel noninvasive approach.

Objective: The authors tested the feasibility of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) seizure circuits. Up to one-third of patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) suffer from medically refractory epilepsy requiring surgery. Because current options such as open resection, laser ablation, and Gamma Knife radiosurgery pose potential risks, such as infection, hemorrhage, and ionizing radiation, and because they often produce visual or neuropsychological deficits, the authors developed a noninvasive MRgFUS ablation strategy for mesial temporal disconnection to mitigate these risks.

Repeat magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for recurrent essential tremor: case report and review of MRI findings.

An 86-year-old right-handed man with medically refractory essential tremor was treated using left-sided MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy targeting the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRTT) at its intersection with the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, with immediate symptomatic improvement and immediate postprocedure imaging demonstrating disruption of the DRTT. The patient experienced a partial return of symptoms 9 weeks following the procedure, and MRI demonstrated retraction of the left thalamic ablation site. The patient underwent repeat left-sided MRgFUS thalamotomy 4 months after initial treatment, resulting in reduced tremor.

Beals syndrome with middle and inner ear dysplasia and encephalocele: A case report and review of imaging findings.

A 10-year-old male with history of Beals syndrome presented with hearing loss and was found to have middle and inner ear dysplasia and left temporal encephalocele on imaging. Beals syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder caused by a mutation in the fibrillin-2 gene. Skeletal manifestations of Beals have been reported, including anomalies of the long bones, calvarium, and spine.

Imaging of Temporal Bone Trauma: A Clinicoradiologic Perspective.

Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of temporal bone trauma. Certain imaging findings can significantly change patient management or change surgical approach. Precise knowledge of clinical or surgical management can guide the review of imaging to detect these key findings.

Diffusion tensor imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping as diagnostic tools for motor neuron disorders.

Purpose: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) have been proposed as methods to aid in the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), both diseases affecting upper motor neurons. We test the performance of DTI and QSM alone and in combination to distinguish patients with diseases affecting upper motor neurons (ALS/PLS) from patients with other motor symptom-predominant neurologic disorders.

Methods: 3.

Orbital wooden foreign body manifesting as hyperdensity on computed tomography.

Detection of wooden foreign bodies within the orbit can be difficult on imaging, including computed tomography (CT). When visible, wood appears iso- or hypodense and can mimic air or fat. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy with progressive orbital cellulitis following a penetrating wood injury to the right lower lid.

Dual-Energy CT Angiography for Detection of Pulmonary Emboli: Incremental Benefit of Iodine Maps.

Purpose To determine if there is added benefit of using iodine maps from dual-energy (DE) CT in addition to conventional CT angiography images to diagnose pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and Methods In this retrospective analysis, 1144 consecutive dual-energy CT angiography examinations performed from January through September 2014 at an oncologic referral center to evaluate for PE were reviewed. The 1144 examinations included 1035 patients (mean age, 58.

Diagnostic accuracy of intracellular uptake rates calculated using dynamic Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI for hepatic fibrosis stage.

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of intracellular uptake rates (K ), and other quantitative pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, for hepatic fibrosis stage; to compare this accuracy with a previously published semiquantitative metric, contrast enhancement index (CEI); and to assess variability of these parameters between liver regions.

Materials And Methods: This was a case-control study design. Dynamic Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced 1.

MRI safety: a report of current practice and advancements in patient preparation and screening.

MRI offers detailed diagnostic images without ionizing radiation; however, there are considerable safety concerns associated with high electromagnetic field strength. With increasing use of high and ultra high (7T) magnetic field strength, adequate patient preparation and screening for ferrous material is increasingly important. We review current safety standards for patient screening and preparation and how they are implemented at our institution.

Toxic encephalopathy due to paradichlorobenzene toxicity: a case report and review of imaging characteristics.

Neurotoxicity following paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) exposure is rare and can occur in patients with pica and mothball or toilet cake ingestion. We present a rare case of toxic encephalopathy due to PDCB mothball inhalation and ingestion and describe the rapidly progressive leukoencephalopathy seen on computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Given the nonspecificity of clinical and imaging findings, it is important for radiologists to maintain a high index of suspicion for toxic encephalopathy.

Patient acuity rating: quantifying clinical judgment regarding inpatient stability.

Background: New resident work-hour restrictions are expected to result in further increases in the number of handoffs between inpatient care providers, a known risk factor for poor outcomes. Strategies for improving the accuracy and efficiency of provider sign-outs are needed.

Objective: To develop and test a judgment-based scale for conveying the risk of clinical deterioration.

Assessing the impact of immersive simulation on clinical performance during actual in-hospital cardiac arrest with CPR-sensing technology: A randomized feasibility study.

Aim: Advanced simulation tools are increasingly being incorporated into cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. These educational methods have been shown to improve trainee performance in simulated settings, but translation into clinical practice remains unknown for many aspects of CPR quality. This study attempts to measure the impact of simulation-based training for resuscitation team leaders on some measures of CPR quality during actual in-hospital resuscitation attempts.

Capnography and chest-wall impedance algorithms for ventilation detection during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Objective: Hyperventilation is both common and detrimental during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Chest-wall impedance algorithms have been developed to detect ventilations during CPR. However, impedance signals are challenged by noise artifact from multiple sources, including chest compressions.

Rescuer fatigue during actual in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual feedback: a prospective multicenter study.

Background: Rescuer fatigue during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a likely contributor to variable CPR quality during clinical resuscitation efforts, yet investigations into fatigue and CPR quality degradation have only been performed in simulated environments, with widely conflicting results.

Objective: We sought to characterize CPR quality decay during actual in-hospital cardiac arrest, with regard to both chest compression (CC) rate and depth during the delivery of CCs by individual rescuers over time.

Methods: Using CPR recording technology to objectively quantify CCs and provide audiovisual feedback, we prospectively collected CPR performance data from arrest events in two hospitals.