Apoptosis is a fundamental process of all mammalian cells but exactly how it is regulated in different primary cells remains less explored. In most contexts, apoptosis is engaged to eliminate cells. However, postmitotic cells such as neurons must efficiently balance the need for developmental apoptosis versus the physiological needs for their long-term survival.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContext.—: Recently, a new type of antibody-drug conjugate, trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd), has been approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer with low level of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene expression. Thereby, eligibility relies on an accurate diagnosis of HER2-low status defined by immunohistochemistry IHC 1+/2+ with no gene amplification.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe objective of this retrospective study is to summarize causes of disease and mortality in maned wolves () in the North American Species Survival Plan Program (SSP) population. This information will inform and enhance animal health, husbandry, and conservation efforts. Pathology reports were requested from all zoological institutions housing maned wolves between 1930 and 2021.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Recent studies indicate that donor innate immune responses participate in initiating and accelerating innate responses and allorecognition in the recipient. These immune responses negatively affect recipient outcomes and predispose recipients to cardiovascular death (CV death). We hypothesized that a donor cause of death (COD) associated with higher levels of innate immune response would predispose recipients to more adverse outcomes post-transplant, including CV death.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStudy Question: Does the transfer of single low-grade blastocysts result in acceptable reproductive and perinatal outcomes compared to the transfer of single good-grade blastocysts?
Summary Answer: The transfer of single low-grade blastocysts resulted in a reduced live birth rate of around 30% (14% for very low-grade blastocysts) compared to 44% for single good-grade blastocysts, but does not lead to more adverse perinatal outcomes.
What Is Known Already: It is known that low-grade blastocysts can result in live births. However, the current studies are limited by relatively small sample sizes and single-centre designs.
Background: Disease from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Many patients infected with this virus develop later cardiovascular complications including myocardial infarctions, stroke, arrhythmia, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death (20-28%). The purpose of this study is to understand the primary mechanism of myocardial injury in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLong-lived T-dependent B cell responses fail to develop during persistent infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, raising questions about the induction and/or functionality of anti-B. burgdorferi adaptive immune responses. Yet, a lack of reagents has limited investigations into B.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAir sac trematodes (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) were detected in 23 avian species from eight aviaries in the United States. Most of the infected host species were passeriform birds, but a few species in other orders also were infected. Four species of adult flukes were encountered: , sp.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA 41-year-old male vasectomized, zoo-housed chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presented with progressive visual deficits due to bilateral cataract formation. Phacoemulsification and lenticular implant were performed by a veterinary and human board-certified ophthalmologist team in a field setting. Post-operative healing occurred without complication, and the patient returned to the troop with improved vision.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArch Pathol Lab Med
September 2023
Purpose.—: To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology-College of American Pathologists (ASCO-CAP) recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in breast cancer. An Update Panel is aware that a new generation of antibody-drug conjugates targeting the HER2 protein is active against breast cancers that lack protein overexpression or gene amplification.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: To update ASCO-College of American Pathologists (CAP) recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in breast cancer. The Panel is aware that a new generation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting the HER2 protein is active against breast cancers that lack protein overexpression or gene amplification.
Methods: An Update Panel conducted a systematic literature review to identify signals for updating recommendations.
Anti-Indigenous racism education and cultural safety training can help cultivate greater awareness and hold the potential to encourage Western-trained researchers to work in solidarity with Indigenous partners to resist the structural status quo. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and author reflections on an immersive educational series "The Language of Research: How Do We Speak? How Are We Heard?". The series was developed by a Canadian group that included an Indigenous Knowledge Keeper, non-Indigenous researchers, and parent partners, all of whom have training or experience in Westernized research and/or health care.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: Staff management is the most cited ART/IVF laboratory inspection deficiency. Small ART/IVF clinics may be challenged to perform these activities by low staff volume; similarly, large ART/IVF networks may be challenged by high staff volume and large datasets. Here, we sought to investigate the performance of an automated, digital platform solution to manage this necessary task.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImportance: Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2; formerly HER2 [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2]) is an important prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer. Anti-ERBB2 therapies have improved outcomes in ERBB2-positive breast cancer. However, based on current definitions, tumors with low ERBB2 expression are included in the ERBB2-negative subtype, and therefore, are ineligible for anti-ERBB2 therapies; patients with ERBB2-low (immunohistochemistry [IHC] 1 positive [+] or IHC 2+/in situ hybridization [ISH] negative [-]) tumors account for up to approximately 50% of breast cancer cases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Zoo Wildl Med
June 2022
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and an immunoassay for serum amyloid A (SAA) were used to examine serum samples from clinically normal and abnormal southern white rhinoceros () and southern black rhinoceros () under managed care. CZE resolved seven fractions as well as subfractions for α1 globulins. Reference intervals were calculated for white rhinoceros ( = 33) and found to have some differences over previously reported intervals generated using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) methods in sera from free-ranging animals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInfection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), a tick-transmitted spirochete and the pathogen that causes Lyme disease in humans, triggers CD4 T cell activation in secondary lymphoid tissues, from which they disseminate into various infected tissues. Despite their activation and the appearance of CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses, Bb establishes persistent infection in natural Bb reservoir hosts in the absence of overt disease, raising the question of the effectiveness of the anti-Bb T cell responses. Reviewing the existing literature, we propose that CD4 T cells might constitute a host cell target of Bb-mediated immune evasion, rendering these cells ineffective in orchestrating effective inflammatory responses and in supporting highly functional Bb-specific antibody induction.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAims: Pediatric occupational and physical therapy service delivery via telehealth increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Real-world experience can guide service improvement. This study explored experiences, barriers, and facilitators of initial telehealth implementation from the therapist's perspective.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis study reports the occurrence of a poorly differentiated carcinoma in a captive-born 28 year-old male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) who has a familial history of cancer. Pathological findings, surgical interventions, and experimental treatments are discussed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine the dropout rate between the first and second in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in a controlled population derived from a funded and actively managed system of care in New Zealand, including the reason for dropout and associated cumulative live birth rate.
Design: Retrospective cohort.
Setting: Multicenter IVF practice.
Embryo quality is a key determinant of the success of IVF. Although the focus has been on selecting the best embryo for transfer, the classification of low-grade blastocysts (LGB) in existing scoring systems has received less attention. This is worrisome; embryo freezing allows optimal use of all created embryos, thus maximizing the cumulative live birth rate, which is arguably the most important outcome for infertile couples.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCognitive bias consists of systematic errors in thinking due to human processing limitations or inappropriate mental models. Cognitive bias occurs when intuitive thinking is used to reach conclusions about information rather than analytic (mindful) thinking. Scientific progress is delayed when bias influences the dissemination of new scientific knowledge, as it has with the role of human leucocyte antigen antibodies and antibody-mediated rejection in cardiac transplantation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis case series describes hepatocellular neoplasms in 10 Nile lechwe () at two separate zoological institutions in Florida. Histologically, the neoplasms were classified as hepatocellular carcinoma ( = 7), hepatocellular adenoma ( = 2), and hepatobiliary carcinoma ( = 1). Common clinical signs were nonspecific and included thin body condition ( =7), lethargy ( =6), lameness ( =3), and acute recumbency ( =5).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStudy Question: What is the inter-observer agreement among embryologists for decision to freeze blastocysts of borderline morphology and can it be improved with a modified grading system?
Summary Answer: The inter-observer agreement among embryologists deciding whether to freeze blastocysts of marginal morphology was low and was not improved by a modified grading system.
What Is Known Already: While previous research on inter-observer variability on the decision of which embryo to transfer from a cohort of blastocysts is good, the impact of grading variability regarding decision to freeze borderline blastocysts has not been investigated. Agreement for inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) grade is only fair, factors which contribute to the grade that influences decision to freeze.
Purpose: To update key recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) testing in breast cancer guideline.
Methods: A multidisciplinary international Expert Panel was convened to update the clinical practice guideline recommendations informed by a systematic review of the medical literature.
Recommendations: The Expert Panel continues to recommend ER testing of invasive breast cancers by validated immunohistochemistry as the standard for predicting which patients may benefit from endocrine therapy, and no other assays are recommended for this purpose.