Elastic Chain Premaxillary Retraction Appliance Does Not Increase Inter-Canthal Dimension in Patients with Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective: To determine if the elastic chain premaxillary retraction (ECPR) appliance increases inter-medial and inter-lateral canthal dimension in patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Specialized tertiary care facility.

A comparison of course-related stressors in undergraduate problem-based learning (PBL) versus non-PBL medical programmes.

Background: Medical students report high levels of stress related to their medical training as well as to other personal and financial factors. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in course-related stressors reported by medical students on undergraduate problem-based learning (PBL) and non-PBL programmes in the UK.

Method: A cross-sectional study of second-year medical students in two UK medical schools (one PBL and one non-PBL programme) was conducted.