Common Data Elements for Disorders of Consciousness: Recommendations from the Electrophysiology Working Group.

Background: Electroencephalography (EEG) has long been recognized as an important tool in the investigation of disorders of consciousness (DoC). From inspection of the raw EEG to the implementation of quantitative EEG, and more recently in the use of perturbed EEG, it is paramount to providing accurate diagnostic and prognostic information in the care of patients with DoC. However, a nomenclature for variables that establishes a convention for naming, defining, and structuring data for clinical research variables currently is lacking.

Curriculum Innovations: A Social Media-Based Educational Curriculum Improves Knowledge for Trainees in Neurocritical Care: Results of a Stratified Randomized Study.

Introduction And Problem Statement: The Neurocritical Care (NCC) Society Resident and Fellow Task Force's NEURON study concluded that learners had significant concerns regarding the need for educational improvement in NCC. To address these shortcomings, we identified the lack of an educational curriculum for trainees in NCC and developed a Twitter-based educational curriculum for trainees to improve knowledge in NCC.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the pathophysiology, delineate a systematic diagnostic approach, and apply evidence-based strategies in the management of diseases in NCC.

Habitat isolation interacts with top-down and bottom-up processes in a seagrass ecosystem.

Habitat loss is accelerating at unprecedented rates, leading to the emergence of smaller, more isolated habitat remnants. Habitat isolation adversely affects many ecological processes independently, but little is known about how habitat isolation may interact with ecosystem processes such as top-down (consumer-driven) and bottom-up (resource-driven) effects. To investigate the interactive influence of habitat isolation, resource availability and consumer distribution and impact on community structure, we tested two hypotheses using invertebrate and algal epibionts on temperate seagrasses, an ecosystem of ecological and conservation importance.

An evaluation of surrogate decision maker health literacy in the neurology ward and neuroscience ICU.

Purpose: There has been little investigation into surrogate comprehension of education provided by the neuroscience healthcare team. We sought to evaluate 1) surrogate understanding about a patient's clinical condition and 2) the relationship between how surrogates and the neuroscience team perceive surrogate comprehension of a patient's condition.

Methods: We prospectively surveyed surrogates of patients who lacked decision making capacity while admitted to the neurology ward or neuroscience ICU for >48 h from 10/2018-05/2021.

Local aberration control to improve efficiency in multiphoton holographic projections.

Optical aberrations affect the quality of light propagating through a turbid medium, where refractive index is spatially inhomogeneous. In multiphoton optical applications, such as two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging and optogenetics, aberrations non-linearly impair the efficiency of excitation. We demonstrate a sensorless adaptive optics technique to compensate aberrations in holograms projected into turbid media.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with epilepsy: findings from the US arm of the COV-E study.

Objectives: As part of the COVID-19 and Epilepsy (COV-E) global study, we aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the medical care and well-being of people with epilepsy (PWE) in the United States, based on their perspectives and those of their caregivers.

Methods: Separate surveys designed for PWE and their caregivers were circulated from April 2020 to July 2021; modifications in March 2021 included a question about COVID-19 vaccination status.

Results: We received 788 responses, 71% from PWE (n = 559) and 29% (n=229) from caregivers of persons with epilepsy.

Altered Nutrient Uptake Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Senescent CD8 EMRA T Cells During Type 2 Diabetes.

Mitochondrial health and cellular metabolism can heavily influence the onset of senescence in T cells. CD8 EMRA T cells exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations to oxidative phosphorylation, however, the metabolic properties of senescent CD8 T cells from people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not known. We show here that mitochondria from T2D CD8 T cells had a higher oxidative capacity together with increased levels of mitochondrial reactive oxgen species (mtROS), compared to age-matched control cells.

How innovations in methodology offer new prospects for volume electron microscopy.

Detailed knowledge of biological structure has been key in understanding biology at several levels of organisation, from organs to cells and proteins. Volume electron microscopy (volume EM) provides high resolution 3D structural information about tissues on the nanometre scale. However, the throughput rate of conventional electron microscopes has limited the volume size and number of samples that can be imaged.

Microscopic modulation and analysis of islets of Langerhans in living zebrafish larvae.

Microscopic analysis of molecules and physiology in living cells and systems is a powerful tool in life sciences. While in vivo subcellular microscopic analysis of healthy and diseased human organs remains impossible, zebrafish larvae allow studying pathophysiology of many organs using in vivo microscopy. Here, we review the potential of the larval zebrafish pancreas in the context of islets of Langerhans and Type 1 diabetes.

Neuroprognostication after Cardiac Arrest: Who Recovers? Who Progresses to Brain Death?

Approximately 15% of deaths in developed nations are due to sudden cardiac arrest, making it the most common cause of death worldwide. Though high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation has improved overall survival rates, the majority of survivors remain comatose after return of spontaneous circulation secondary to hypoxic ischemic injury. Since the advent of targeted temperature management, neurologic recovery has improved substantially, but the majority of patients are left with neurologic deficits ranging from minor cognitive impairment to persistent coma.

GATA3 induces mitochondrial biogenesis in primary human CD4 T cells during DNA damage.

GATA3 is as a lineage-specific transcription factor that drives the differentiation of CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells, but is also involved in a variety of processes such as immune regulation, proliferation and maintenance in other T cell and non-T cell lineages. Here we show a mechanism utilised by CD4 T cells to increase mitochondrial mass in response to DNA damage through the actions of GATA3 and AMPK. Activated AMPK increases expression of PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A or PGC1α protein) at the level of transcription and GATA3 at the level of translation, while DNA damage enhances expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2).

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome is Associated with Hematoma Expansion in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Objectives: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and hematoma expansion are independently associated with worse outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but the relationship between SIRS and hematoma expansion remains unclear.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients admitted to our hospital from 2013 to 2020 with primary spontaneous ICH with at least two head CTs within the first 24 hours. The relationship between SIRS and hematoma expansion, defined as ≥6 mL or ≥33% growth between the first and second scan, was assessed using univariable and multivariable regression analysis.

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with seizure in the setting of COVID-19: A review of the literature.

We reviewed the literature on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies in patients who had a seizure in the setting of COVID-19 infection to evaluate for evidence of viral neuroinvasion. We performed a systematic review of Medline and Embase to identify publications that reported one or more patients with COVID-19 who had a seizure and had CSF testing preformed. The search ranged from December 1st 2019 to November 18th 2020.

Using Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCE) to Teach Neurology Residents to Disclose Prognosis after Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury.

Background: Neurologists need to be adept at disclosing prognosis and breaking bad news. Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) allow trainees to practice these skills.

Methods: In 2017, in conjunction with the NYU School of Medicine Simulation Center, neurology faculty designed an OSCE case in which a resident had to inform a standardized patient (SP) her father had severe global hypoxic ischemic injury.

Post-COVID-19 inflammatory syndrome manifesting as refractory status epilepticus.

There have been multiple descriptions of seizures during the acute infectious period in patients with COVID-19. However, there have been no reports of status epilepticus after recovery from COVID-19 infection. Herein, we discuss a patient with refractory status epilepticus 6 weeks after initial infection with COVID-19.

Continuous EEG findings in patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to a New York academic hospital system.

Objective: There is evidence for central nervous system complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, including encephalopathy. Encephalopathy caused by or arising from seizures, especially nonconvulsive seizures (NCS), often requires electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring for diagnosis. The prevalence of seizures and other EEG abnormalities among COVID-19-infected patients is unknown.

Taking a Strohl Through History: Putting Strohl Back in Guillain-Barré-Strohl Syndrome.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a popular eponym that comes from a 1916 paper by Drs. Guillain, Barré, and Strohl. These physicians described two soldiers in the French Sixth Army during World War I who developed acute progressive motor weakness.

Special considerations in the assessment of catastrophic brain injury and determination of brain death in patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has led to challenges in provision of care, clinical assessment and communication with families. The unique considerations associated with evaluation of catastrophic brain injury and death by neurologic criteria in patients with Covid-19 infection have not been examined.

Methods: We describe the evaluation of six patients hospitalized at a health network in New York City in April 2020 who had Covid-19, were comatose and had absent brainstem reflexes.

Anisoplanatic adaptive optics in parallelized laser scanning microscopy.

Inhomogeneities in the refractive index of a biological microscopy sample can introduce phase aberrations, severely impairing the quality of images. Adaptive optics can be employed to correct for phase aberrations and improve image quality. However, conventional adaptive optics can only correct a single phase aberration for the whole field of view (isoplanatic correction) while, due to the highly heterogeneous nature of biological tissues, the sample induced aberrations in microscopy often vary throughout the field of view (anisoplanatic aberration), limiting significantly the effectiveness of adaptive optics.

Mitochondrial mass governs the extent of human T cell senescence.

The susceptibility of human CD4 and CD8 T cells to senesce differs, with CD8 T cells acquiring an immunosenescent phenotype faster than the CD4 T cell compartment. We show here that it is the inherent difference in mitochondrial content that drives this phenotype, with senescent human CD4 T cells displaying a higher mitochondrial mass. The loss of mitochondria in the senescent human CD8 T cells has knock-on consequences for nutrient usage, metabolism and function.