Theobromine Upregulates Osteogenesis by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro and Accelerates Bone Development in Rats.

Theobromine (THB) is one of the major xanthine-like alkaloids found in cacao plant and a variety of other foodstuffs such as tea leaves, guarana and cola nuts. Historically, THB and its derivatives have been utilized to treat cardiac and circulatory disorders, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, proteinuria and as an immune-modulator. Our previous work demonstrated that THB has the capacity to improve the formation of hydroxyl-apatite during tooth development, suggesting that it may also enhance skeletal development.

Adverse effects of incorporating ketoprofen into established rodent studies.

The use of analgesics to prevent or treat postprocedural pain in rodents is increasingly encouraged by the laboratory animal community and federal funding agencies. However, the effects of analgesics on experimental outcomes are not well-documented. In this study, we incorporated ketoprofen into a well-established experimental protocol.