CX3CR1+ Cell-Mediated Salmonella Exclusion Protects the Intestinal Mucosa during the Initial Stage of Infection.

During Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal CXCR1 cells can either extend transepithelial cellular processes to sample luminal bacteria or, very early after infection, migrate into the intestinal lumen to capture bacteria. However, until now, the biological relevance of the intraluminal migration of CXCR1 cells remained to be determined. We addressed this by using a combination of mouse strains differing in their ability to carry out CXCR1-mediated sampling and intraluminal migration.

Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 2 Mediates Dendritic Cell Recruitment to the Human Colon but Is Not Responsible for Differences Observed in Dendritic Cell Subsets, Phenotype, and Function Between the Proximal and Distal Colon.

Background & Aims: Most knowledge about gastrointestinal (GI)-tract dendritic cells (DC) relies on murine studies where CD103 DC specialize in generating immune tolerance with the functionality of CD11b subsets being unclear. Information about human GI-DC is scarce, especially regarding regional specifications. Here, we characterized human DC properties throughout the human colon.

Ly6Chi monocyte recruitment is responsible for Th2 associated host-protective macrophage accumulation in liver inflammation due to schistosomiasis.

Accumulation of M2 macrophages in the liver, within the context of a strong Th2 response, is a hallmark of infection with the parasitic helminth, Schistosoma mansoni, but the origin of these cells is unclear. To explore this, we examined the relatedness of macrophages to monocytes in this setting. Our data show that both monocyte-derived and resident macrophages are engaged in the response to infection.

Multiple redundant effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells protect against influenza infection.

We have previously shown that mice challenged with a lethal dose of A/Puerto Rico/8/34-OVA(I) are protected by injection of 4-8 × 10(6) in vitro-generated Tc1 or Tc17 CD8(+) effectors. Viral load, lung damage, and loss of lung function are all reduced after transfer. Weight loss is reduced and survival increased.

Persistent loss of IL-27 responsiveness in CD8+ memory T cells abrogates IL-10 expression in a recall response.

CD8+ T cells are central to the eradication of intracellular pathogens, but they can also act to limit inflammation and immunopathology. During primary respiratory viral infection CD8+ effector T cells release the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, which is essential for host survival. Here we report that CD8+ T-cell-derived IL-10 is absent in a recall response.

Functional identification of dendritic cells in the teleost model, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Dendritic cells are specialized antigen presenting cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. This link between the ancient innate immune system and the more evolutionarily recent adaptive immune system is of particular interest in fish, the oldest vertebrates to have both innate and adaptive immunity. It is unknown whether dendritic cells co-evolved with the adaptive response, or if the connection between innate and adaptive immunity relied on a fundamentally different cell type early in evolution.