Assessment of the number of mast cells in the soft palate of dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.

Background: Oedema is described in the soft palate of dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Activated mast cells (MCs) release vasoactive mediators that temporarily increase vascular permeability.

Methods: Data and caudal soft palate tissue were prospectively collected from a population of dogs undergoing surgical management of BOAS and a control group of greyhound cadavers with no previous history of respiratory signs.

Comparison of two doses of ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing field castration.

Background: Ketamine-based total intravenous anaesthesia techniques are commonly used in equine practice for ponies requiring short procedures such as castration in field conditions. When a longer duration of recumbency than provided by the initial dose of anaesthetic agents is required, administration of supplementary 'top-up' doses of anaesthetic agents is required. Ideally, a single dose of anaesthetic agents would reliably achieve a longer duration of action whilst maintaining adequate anaesthetic, surgical and recovery qualities.

Comparison of sedation in dogs: methadone or butorphanol in combination with dexmedetomidine intravenously.

Objective: Opioids can be combined with alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonists to sedate dogs for radiography. The study investigated the sedative effects of methadone or butorphanol in combination with dexmedetomidine in dogs undergoing stifle radiography.

Study Design: Prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical trial.

Diabetes mellitus does not affect the neuromuscular blocking action of atracurium in dogs.

Objective: To compare the duration of action of atracurium in diabetic and nondiabetic dogs.

Study Design: Prospective, blinded, clinical study.

Animals: A total of 26 diabetic and 29 nondiabetic dogs.

Intramuscular injection of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol for sedation in cats.

Objective: To assess quality of sedation following intramuscular (IM) injection of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol in cats.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, 'blinded' clinical study.

Animals: A total of 38 cats undergoing diagnostic imaging or noninvasive procedures.

Comparison of intramuscular butorphanol and buprenorphine combined with dexmedetomidine for sedation in cats.

Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the sedative effect of butorphanol-dexmedetomidine with buprenorphine-dexmedetomidine following intramuscular (IM) administration in cats. Methods Using a prospective, randomised, blinded design, 40 client-owned adult cats were assigned to receive IM dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) combined with either butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) ('BUT' group) or buprenorphine (20 µg/kg) ('BUP' group).

Nebulized Adrenaline in the Postoperative Management of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome in a Pug.

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome is a common problem in certain breeds, and may necessitate surgical procedures, such as rhinoplasty, palatoplasty, laryngeal sacculectomy, and/or arytenoid laryngoplasty, to improve the quality of life. However, laryngeal edema may necessitate the use of temporary tracheostomy tubes postoperatively to maintain a patent airway. This case demonstrates that administration of nebulized adrenaline in the immediate postoperative period where upper airway obstruction is life threatening can be used to reduce edema, therefore avoiding the need for tracheostomy.

Effect of prewarming on the body temperature of small dogs undergoing inhalation anesthesia.

Objective: To investigate whether prewarming affects body temperature of small dogs (weighing < 10 kg [22 lb]) undergoing inhalation anesthesia.

Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Animals: 20 dogs weighing < 10 kg with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II.

Analgesia for pelvic limb surgery. A review of peripheral nerve blocks and the extradural technique.

Objectives: To describe the anatomy and approaches reported for peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) of the pelvic limb in dogs and cats and to consider the role of PNB in relation to the extradural technique.

Databases Used: This review was conducted using the terms 'nerve block', 'extradural' 'dog' and 'cat' entered into Pubmed and Google. Results were filtered manually to narrow the field to pelvic limb nerve blocks.

Comparison of propofol with ketofol, a propofol-ketamine admixture, for induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs.

Objective: To compare anaesthetic induction in healthy dogs using propofol or ketofol (a propofol-ketamine mixture).

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled, 'blinded' study.

Animals: Seventy healthy dogs (33 males and 37 females), aged 6-157 months and weighing 4-48 kg.

Analgesic effects of maxillary and inferior alveolar nerve blocks in cats undergoing dental extractions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of maxillary and/or inferior alveolar nerve blocks with lidocaine and bupivacaine in cats undergoing dental extractions. Twenty-nine cats were enrolled. Using an adapted composite pain scale, cats were pain scored before the dental procedure and 30 mins, and 1, 2 and 4 h after isoflurane disconnection.

Preliminary investigations into the analgesic effects of topical ocular 1% morphine solution in dogs and cats.

Objective: To perform preliminary evaluations into the ocular analgesic effect of topical 1% morphine in a clinical setting and to determine onset, duration and complications.

Study Design: Prospective, randomised, blinded clinical study.

Animals: Twenty six dogs and seventeen cats, all client-owned.

Thoracic epidural catheter placement using a paramedian approach with cephalad angulation in three dogs.

Objective: To describe a technique for insertion of a thoracic epidural catheter.

Study Design: Clinical report.

Animals: Dogs (n = 3) undergoing thoracic wall resection and thoracotomy.

Diabetes mellitus affects the duration of action of vecuronium in dogs.

Objective: To compare the duration of action of vecuronium in diabetic dogs with a control group.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Animals: Forty client-owned diabetic (n = 20) and non-diabetic dogs.

Comparison of pain on injection during induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone and two formulations of propofol in dogs.

Objective: To compare the incidence of pain during injection of three intravenous induction agents in dogs.

Study Design: Prospective, crossover, randomized, blinded, clinical study.

Animals: Thirty dogs requiring anaesthesia for radiotherapy.

Immersion and branchial/transcutaneous irrigation anaesthesia with alfaxalone in a Mexican axolotl.

Introduction: Immersion anaesthetic techniques are commonly used in amphibian species. Alfaxalone has been reported as an immersion anaesthetic in fish but not amphibians.

Case History And Examination: A Mexican 56 g axolotl was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia.

Arrhythmias and transient changes in cardiac function after topical administration of one drop of phenylephrine 10% in an adult cat undergoing conjunctival graft.

History: A 2-year-old, entire female, Somali cat weighing 3.8 kg was admitted for a conjunctival graft on the right eye, for treatment of an acute descemetocele. Medetomidine 4.

Comparison of ketamine and alfaxalone for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration.

Objective: To compare alfaxalone with ketamine for total intravenous anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration.

Study Design: Prospective, randomised, blinded clinical study.

Animals: Forty-two, 12-month-old Welsh Mountain ponies.

Suspected anaphylactoid reaction following intravenous administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent in three dogs undergoing magnetic resonance imaging.

Observations: Anaphylactoid reactions were suspected in three dogs following the intravenous administration of the contrast agent gadobenate dimeglumine 0.05 mmol kg(-1) (Multihance). Case 1: A 14 kg 6-year-old atopic female dog was anaesthetized for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Alfaxalone induction dose following administration of medetomidine and butorphanol in the dog.

Objective: To determine in dogs the effects of medetomidine and butorphanol, alone and in combination, on the induction dose of alfaxalone and to describe the induction and intubation conditions.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.

Animals: Eighty-five client-owned dogs (ASA 1 or 2).

The sedative effects of low-dose medetomidine and butorphanol alone and in combination intravenously in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the sedative effects of intravenous (IV) medetomidine (1 microg kg(-1)) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1)) alone and in combination in dogs.

Study Design: Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical trial.

Alfaxalone in cyclodextrin for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing field castration.

Objective: To evaluate the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using alfaxalone following pre-anaesthetic medication with romifidine and butorphanol in ponies undergoing castration in the field.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Animals: Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 +/- 29 kg.

Castration of horses under total intravenous anaesthesia: analgesic effects of lidocaine.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of local anaesthesia with lidocaine for castration of horses under intravenous anaesthesia.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.

Animals: Fifteen equidae, scheduled to undergo castration under total intravenous anaesthesia, were randomly distributed in two groups.