Using marginal structural models to analyze randomized clinical trials with non-adherence and lost to follow up.

Background: In the presence of non-adherence and lost to follow up, results of an Intention to Treat (ITT) analysis may be biased as it is measuring the effect of assignment rather than the effect of treatment. Given that Marginal Structural Models (MSMs) adjust for such issues, this study examines the use of MSMs to assess the validity of ITT analyses in the presence of non-adherence and lost to follow up in an existing randomized clinical trial on asthma treatment.

Methods: Inverse probability weights were obtained from a pooled logistic regression assessing the probability of staying on assigned treatment (adherence) and of remaining uncensored (censored) for subjects at each visit by treatment arm.

Prehospital hypoxemia, measured by pulse oximetry, predicts hospital outcomes during the New York City COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To determine if oxygen saturation (out-of-hospital SpO2), measured by New York City (NYC) 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services (EMS), was an independent predictor of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in-hospital mortality and length of stay, after controlling for the competing risk of death. If so, out-of-hospital SpO2 could be useful for initial triage.

Methods: A population-based longitudinal study of adult patients transported by EMS to emergency departments (ED) between March 5 and April 30, 2020 (the NYC COVID-19 peak period).

System impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on New York City's emergency medical services.

Objectives: To describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on New York City's (NYC) 9-1-1 emergency medical services (EMS) system and assess the efficacy of pandemic planning to meet increased demands.

Methods: Longitudinal analysis of NYC 9-1-1 EMS system call volumes, call-types, and response times during the COVID-19 peak-period (March 16-April 15, 2020) and post-surge period (April 16-May 31, 2020) compared with the same 2019 periods.

Results: EMS system received 30,469 more calls from March 16-April 15, 2020 compared with March 16-April 15, 2019 (161,815 vs 127,962;  < 0.

Factors Predicting Treatment of World Trade Center-Related Lung Injury: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

The factors that predict treatment of lung injury in occupational cohorts are poorly defined. We aimed to identify patient characteristics associated with initiation of treatment with inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist (ICS/LABA) >2 years among World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters. The study population included 8530 WTC-exposed firefighters.

Characteristics Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Resuscitations During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in New York City.

Importance: Risk factors for out-of-hospital death due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are poorly defined. From March 1 to April 25, 2020, New York City, New York (NYC), reported 17 118 COVID-19-related deaths. On April 6, 2020, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests peaked at 305 cases, nearly a 10-fold increase from the prior year.

Factors Influencing the Prioritization of Injured Patients for Transfer to a Burn or Trauma Center Following a Mass Casualty Event.

Objectives: In New York City, a multi-disciplinary Mass Casualty Consultation team is proposed to support prioritization of patients for coordinated inter-facility transfer after a large-scale mass casualty event. This study examines factors that influence consultation team prioritization decisions.

Methods: As part of a multi-hospital functional exercise, 2 teams prioritized the same set of 69 patient profiles.

Intra-Arrest Induction of Hypothermia via Large-Volume Ice-Cold Saline for Sudden Cardiac Arrest: The New York City Project Hypothermia Experience.

Therapeutic hypothermia, the standard for post-resuscitation care of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), is an area that the most recent resuscitation guidelines note "has not been studied adequately." We conducted a two-phase study examining the role of intra-arrest hypothermia for out-of-hospital SCA, first standardizing the resuscitation and transport of patients to resuscitation centers where post-resuscitation hypothermia was required and then initiating hypothermia during out-of-hospital resuscitation efforts. The primary end points were return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), sustained ROSC, survival to hospital admission, and survival to discharge.

Race/ethnicity and all-cause mortality in US adults: revisiting the Hispanic paradox.

Objectives: We examined the association between race/ethnicity and all-cause mortality risk in US adults and whether this association differs by nativity status.

Methods: We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate all-cause mortality rates in 1997 through 2004 National Health Interview Survey respondents, relating the risk for Hispanic subgroup, non-Hispanic Black, and other non-Hispanic to non-Hispanic White adults before and after controlling for selected characteristics stratified by age and gender.

Results: We observed a Hispanic mortality advantage over non-Hispanic Whites among women that depended on nativity status: US-born Mexican Americans aged 25 to 44 years had a 90% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.