The association between home smoking restrictions and youth smoking behaviour: a review.

Objective: To review the available evidence for home smoking restrictions as a useful tool in the prevention of youth smoking and to make recommendations for further research.

Methods: A PubMed search (1 January 1990 to 26 January 2010) identified studies involving youth ≤18 years using extensive criteria. In all, 17 studies relating home smoking restrictions to youth smoking behaviour were identified from titles, abstracts or the full text, as required.

The effect of smoke-free homes on adult smoking behavior: a review.

Introduction: Smoke-free homes are known to reduce exposure to harmful secondhand smoke. Recent studies suggest that they may also positively affect smoking behavior among smokers themselves.

Methods: We review the literature on the effect of smoke-free homes on adult smoking behavior.

Young adult smoking behavior: implications for future population health.

Objective: To qualitatively project the future health burden of tobacco from present-day young adult smoking behavior.

Methods: Population surveys in California (2002) and nationally (1978-80, 2001-03).

Results: In 2002, 40% of California young adult smokers were nondaily smokers, 24% had quit at some time for >or=6 months, 45% said they smoked less now than previously, and 68% thought they would quit within 5 years.

Receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions among young adolescents as a predictor of established smoking in young adulthood.

Objectives: We investigated whether receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions during young adolescence predicts young adult smoking 6 years later.

Methods: Two longitudinal cohorts of adolescents drawn from the 1993 and 1996 versions of the California Tobacco Surveys were followed 3 and 6 years later. At baseline, adolescents were aged 12 to 15 years and were not established smokers.

The California Tobacco Control Program's effect on adult smokers: (3) Similar effects for African Americans across states.

Objective: To compare trends in African-American (AA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) smoking between states categorised as having three different levels of tobacco control practice in the 1990s.

Setting And Participants: Analysis of 1992-3 to 2001-2 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey for differences in adult (20-64 years) daily smoking prevalence for AAs and NHWs across states: California (CA; high cigarette price/comprehensive programme), New York (NY) and New Jersey (NJ; high cigarette price/no comprehensive programme), and tobacco growing states (TGS; low cigarette price/no comprehensive programme).

Results: From 1992-3 to 2001-2, there were large declines in AA smoking across states (2.

The California Tobacco Control Program's effect on adult smokers: (2) Daily cigarette consumption levels.

Objective: To investigate the association of the California Comprehensive Tobacco Control Program with self-reported population trends of cigarette consumption during 1992-2002.

Setting And Participants: Participants were non-Hispanic white daily smokers (aged 20-64 years, n = 24 317) from the Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey (1992-2002). We compared age-specific trends in consumption among daily smokers in three groups of states with differing tobacco control initiatives: California (CA; high cigarette price/comprehensive programme), New York and New Jersey (high cigarette price/no comprehensive programme), and tobacco-growing states (TGS; low cigarette price/no comprehensive programme).

The California Tobacco Control Program's effect on adult smokers: (1) Smoking cessation.

Objectives: To estimate national population trends in long-term smoking cessation by age group and to compare cessation rates in California (CA) with those of two comparison groups of states.

Setting: Retrospective smoking history of a population sample from the US: from CA, with a comprehensive tobacco-control programme since 1989 with the goal of denormalising tobacco use; from New York and New Jersey (NY & NJ), with similar high cigarette prices but no comprehensive programme; and from the tobacco-growing states (TGS), with low cigarette prices, no tobacco-control programme and social norms relatively supportive of tobacco use.

Participants: Respondents to the Current Population Survey-Tobacco Use Supplements (1992-2002; n = 57 918 non-Hispanic white ever-smokers).

Validation of the WHI brief physical activity questionnaire among women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Objective: To investigate the psychometric properties of the physical activity (PA) measure of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).

Methods: Women diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study (average age 55 years) wore an accelerometer for 1 week and completed the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) and brief WHI measure.

Results: Both self-reports correlated 0.

Population effectiveness of pharmaceutical aids for smoking cessation: what is associated with increased success?

Although nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has shown efficacy in randomized controlled trials, population effectiveness has appeared to diminish after it became available over the counter. The present study examined the population effectiveness of bupropion. It also examined whether population effectiveness of pharmaceutical-aid use in general (NRT, bupropion, or both) might be influenced by environmental factors: Having a smoke-free home (possible indication of motivation to quit) or no other smoker in the household.

Trends in smoking among Hispanic women in California: Relationship to English language use.

Background: Research has shown that Hispanic women who speak mostly English have higher smoking rates than those who speak mostly another language. It is unknown how differences in smoking by English language use among adult Hispanic women in California have changed in recent years.

Methods: We compared current daily (100 or more cigarettes in lifetime, now smokes daily) and current nondaily (100 or more cigarettes in lifetime, now smokes some days) smoking prevalence for adult Hispanic women by English language use at home from population-based, random-digit-dialed California Tobacco Surveys in 1996 (n = 1406, 74% response rate [RR]); 1999 (n = 1379, 69% RR), and 2002 (n = 2912, 64% RR).

What contributed to the major decline in per capita cigarette consumption during California's comprehensive tobacco control programme?

Objectives: California experienced a notable decline in per capita cigarette consumption during its comprehensive tobacco control programme. This study examines what proportion of the decline occurred from: (1) fewer ever smokers in the population, (2) more ever smokers quitting, and (3) current smokers smoking less.

Design, Subjects: Per capita cigarette consumption computed from cigarette sales and from adult respondents to the large, cross-sectional, population-based California Tobacco Surveys of 1990 (n = 24,296), 1996 (n = 18,616) and 2002 (n = 20,525) were examined for similar trends.

Comparative validation of the IPAQ and the 7-Day PAR among women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Background: The criterion-related validity and measurement bias of the long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was compared to the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall (PAR).

Methods: Participants were women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in the ongoing Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. Women (N = 159, average age 57 years) wore an accelerometer for one week and then completed the IPAQ or the PAR.

Responsiveness of homocysteine concentrations to food and supplemental folate intakes in smokers and never-smokers enrolled in a diet intervention trial.

We investigated circulating homocysteine concentrations in relation to smoking, folate intake (from food and supplements), serum folate concentrations, and other dietary variables. The present study is part of a parent trial assessing the effects of increasing vegetable, fruit, and fiber intakes and reducing the percentage of energy obtained from fat on breast cancer recurrence in 3,088 women previously diagnosed with breast cancer. Of the 121 smokers enrolled in the parent trial, 85 were available at baseline for the present study and were randomly matched to 85 never-smokers on baseline folate intake, age, and intervention status.

Cigarette promotional offers: who takes advantage?

Background: Promotional offers on cigarettes (e.g., dollar-off, multipack discounts) composed the largest share of tobacco industry marketing expenditures, totaling $8.

The potential impact of a low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco product on cigarette smoking in the United States: estimates of a panel of experts.

Objective: To predict the impact on tobacco use in the US of a "harm reduction" policy that requires that the smokeless tobacco product meet low nitrosamine standards, but could be marketed with a warning label consistent with the evidence of relative health risks.

Methods: Low nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (LN-SLT) and cigarette use are predicted by a panel of experts using a modified Delphi approach. We specify a thought experiment to isolate the changes that would occur after the new LN-SLT policy was implemented.

What fraction of young adults are at risk for future smoking, and who are they?

Recent evidence indicates that higher smoking rates among young adults in the United States may be related in part to increased initiation during young adulthood. The tobacco industry, restricted from overtly targeting adolescents, appears to be focusing on young adults. Thus it is important to estimate the percentage and identify the characteristics of the young adult population (aged 18-29 years) at risk for future smoking.

Why does adult African-American smoking prevalence in California remain higher than for non-Hispanic whites?

Objectives: To explain why, contrary to national trends, adult California African-American (AA) smoking prevalence remains higher than for non-Hispanic Whites (W) and to explore how future rates might change.

Methods: Data from the random-digit-dialed California Tobacco Surveys from 1990 to 2002 (N=16,000-21,000) allowed for the examination of differences in current smoking prevalence, ever smoking (uptake), and successful smoking cessation over time by race/ethnicity and age group.

Results: African-American (AA) adolescent (12-17 years) smoking prevalence was lower than Ws through 1996, but similar thereafter because of marked declines for Ws.

How do smokers control their cigarette expenditures?

When faced with high cigarette prices, smokers can potentially control cigarette expenditures by limiting consumption or seeking cheaper cigarettes. The present study examined both these options and whether the use of price-minimizing strategies (the second option) could counteract a further price increase without smokers having to reduce consumption. Data for 5,109 smokers who purchased manufactured cigarettes were from the 2002 cross-sectional, population-based, random-digit-dialed California Tobacco Survey.

Diabetes management in San Diego's Chamorro community.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the diabetes risk status, incidence, and morbidity within San Diego's Chamorro community as a foundation to help community leaders and health care providers create culturally customized health promotion interventions.

Methods: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey was used to query a randomly selected, convenience sample of San Diego Chamorros (N = 228) drawn from the Chamorro Directory International. Based on individual survey responses, participants were mailed personalized health-promoting information.

Facilitating adolescent smoking: who provides the cigarettes?

Purpose: Most adolescent smokers obtain cigarettes through social sources. We examine the extent to which cigarettes are provided by facilitators of legal age to purchase cigarettes.

Design: Analyses of data from the 1999 California Tobacco Survey, a large population-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey, are reported.

The role of curiosity in smoking initiation.

Context: Although advertising theories have long viewed curiosity as an intermediate goal to encouraging consumption of a product among previous nonusers, this variable is rarely discussed in psychological theories and its role in smoking uptake has not been addressed adequately.

Design And Setting: Using a longitudinal design, in 1999, we reinterviewed 12- to 15-year-old adolescent never smokers (N=2119; 970 committed never smokers, 1199 susceptible never smokers) 3 years after they responded to a population survey on tobacco use in California.

Results: Logistic regression showed curiosity and susceptibility to smoke were independently associated with increased future smoking in all never smokers.

Tobacco industry price-subsidizing promotions may overcome the downward pressure of higher prices on initiation of regular smoking.

Real cigarette prices in the US increased from the early 1980s to early 1990s. Holding all else equal, adolescent initiation of regular smoking should have declined during this period. Using national population-based surveys (n = 336 343) conducted in the 1990s, we present trends (early 1960s to mid-1990s) in the initiation of regular smoking among 14-17-year-old adolescents and 18-21-year-old young adults.

African-American women's perceptions of their most serious health problems.

African Americans experience a disproportionate burden of illness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease and diabetes are the most common causes of mortality among African Americans. Data were gathered from 1,055 African-American women to gain their perspectives of the most serious health problems affecting African-American women and their related knowledge, attitudes and health promoting behaviors.

Black cosmetologists promote diabetes awareness and screening among African American women.

Purpose: his study evaluated several factors that were thought to contribute to African American women's disproportionate incidence and sequelae of diabetes.

Methods: African American women (1055) living in San Diego County completed surveys about diabetes-related beliefs, screening behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes. Participants' ages ranged from 20 to 94 years, and 33.