Enhanced immune response and antimicrobial activity in honey bees (Apis mellifera) following application of oxalic acid-glycerine strips.

Bee health is influenced by multiple factors, including nutrition, immunity, and parasitic pressures. Since the spread of Varroa destructor, overwintering survival has significantly declined, making it one of the most serious threats to honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations worldwide.

Omics-based analysis of honey bee (Apis mellifera) response to Varroa sp. parasitisation and associated factors reveals changes impairing winter bee generation.

The extensive annual loss of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) represents a global problem affecting agriculture and biodiversity. The parasitic mite Varroa destructor, associated with viral co-infections, plays a key role in this loss.