Revolutionizing Cytology and Cytopathology with Natural Language Processing and Chatbot Technologies: A Narrative Review on Current Trends and Future Directions.

The application of chatbots and Natural Language Processing (NLP) in cytology and cytopathology is an emerging field, which is currently characterized by a limited but growing body of research. Here, a narrative review has been proposed utilizing a standardized checklist and quality control procedure for including scientific papers. This narrative review explores the early developments and potential future impact of these technologies in medical diagnostics.

Functional Benefit of Smoking Cessation and Triple Inhaler in Combustible Cigarette Smokers with Severe COPD: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third cause of mortality and it is smoking-related. It is characterized by a non-reversible airflow limitation and a progressive worsening of the respiratory function. Objective: The aim of this study is to point out the benefit of smoking cessation combined with a single inhaler triple therapy in terms of clinical and functional outcome in this setting.

Prognostic Role of Intragastric Cytopathology and Microbiota in Surgical Patients with Stomach Cancer.

Background: In the last decade, analysis of malignant cells and flora in gastric lavage (GL) has provided interesting data on pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). For this study, combining such two aspects into one cyto-microbiologic category, we tested the prognostic role of the presence/absence of cancer cells (GL1/GL0) and bacterial microbiota (MB1/MB0) in our GC population.

Material And Methods: Between April 2012 and August 2019, 79 surgical patients with GC were prospectively investigated with the determination of GL MB.

Expression and role of p16 and GLUT1 in malignant diseases and lung cancer: A review.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death and in most cases it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Many genetic and microenvironmental factors are able to modify the cell cycle inducing carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Among the metabolic and genetic factors that come into play in carcinogenesis and tumor cell differentiation and growth there are two different proteins that should be considered which are glucose transporters (GLUTs) and p16 The first are glucose transporters which are strongly involved in tumor metabolism, notably accelerating cancer cell metabolism both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Prognostic Value of p16 Protein in Patients With Surgically Treated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer; Relationship With Ki-67 and PD-L1.

Background/aim: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death. Patients eligible for surgery have better overall survival rate than patients who are not eligible. We investigated the prognostic value of p16 in patients who underwent surgery for lung cancer, in association with other factors such as PD-L1 and Ki-67.

Effectiveness of smoking cessation in smokers with COPD and nocturnal oxygen desaturation: Functional analysis.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth cause of mortality and it's frequently associated with breathing sleep disorders.

Objective: The aim of the study is to point out the benefit of smoking cessation over three months in terms of improvement of respiratory functional variables.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed evaluating the impact of smoking cessation on 145 patients with COPD and nocturnal oxygen desaturation.

Combination of cord blood-derived human hepatic progenitors and hepatogenic factors strongly improves recovery after acute liver injury in mice through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Cell therapy represents a promising alternative strategy for end-stage liver disease, and hepatic progenitors are the best candidates. The possibility to maximize the paracrine effects of transplanted cells represents a great potential benefit for cell therapy success. We studied how cell type and microenvironment modulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Role of HIF-1 in Cancer Progression: Novel Insights. A Review.

Hypoxia is a condition always present in tumor environment owing to the fast growth of tumor cells not supported by adequate blood supply. There is increasing evidence that hypoxia plays an important role in cancer dormancy and cancer metabolism, increasing stemness activity and bringing about cancer initiation and progression. This condition may influence the production of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) a helix transcription factor which is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor growth through the regulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism and other biological mechanisms.

Interobserver reproducibility of cytologic p16 /Ki-67 dual immunostaining in human papillomavirus-positive women.

Background: The accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16 ) protein in a cell is associated with neoplastic progression in precancerous cervical lesions. Dual staining for p16 and Ki-67 has been proposed as a triage test in cervical cancer screening for women who test positive for human papillomavirus DNA. In this study, interobserver reproducibility of the interpretation of this test was assessed.

Expression of E-cadherin and α-catenin in T1 N0 laryngeal cancer.

Aim: To determine whether modulation of expression of cell adhesion molecules occurs in neoplastic transformation of laryngeal epithelium and to investigate their possible role in clinical outcome.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-five T1 N0 laryngeal biopsies were tested by immunohistochemistry for the E-cadherin/α-catenin adhesion complex.

Results: High immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and α-catenin was found in 18% and 53% cases, respectively.

Prediction of clinical outcome using p16INK4a immunocytochemical expression in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-risk HPV-positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in patients with and without colposcopic evident cervical disease.

p16INK4a as a diagnostic marker of a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2+ (CIN2+) in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytological samples has been analyzed, but has not yet been included in clinical routine practice. One hundred and ninety-one patients with an abnormal Pap test (84 ASC-US and 107 LSILs) who underwent colposcopy were selected for this study. At enrollment, 96 patients (Group 1) had a positive colposcopy and therefore underwent a cervical biopsy, while 95 (Group 2) had a negative colposcopy and were followed up for up to 1 year.

Usefulness of p16ink4a, ProEX C, and Ki-67 for the diagnosis of glandular dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri.

Although the diagnostic criteria of in-situ and invasive adenocarcinomas of the cervix uteri are well established, the differentiation from benign mimics may be difficult and the morphologic features of the precursors of endocervical adenocarcinoma are still debated. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of p16ink4a (p16), ProEX C, and Ki-67 for the diagnosis of endocervical adenocarcinoma and its precursors. Immunohistochemistry with p16, ProEX C, and Ki-67 was performed in 82 glandular lesions including 15 invasive adenocarcinomas, 29 adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS), 22 non-neoplastic samples, and 16 cases of glandular dysplasia (GD), which showed significant nuclear abnormalities but did not meet the diagnostic criteria for AIS.

E-cadherin and alpha-catenin expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to determine whether modulation of expression of cell adhesion molecules may occur in neoplastic transformation of endometrial epithelium.

Materials And Methods: E-Cadherin and α-catenin protein expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 124 biopsies representative of normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium.

Results: In normal endometrium (proliferative, secretive and atrophic endometrium) strong homogeneous, E-cadherin and α-catenin reactivity was found; 58.

How do young and senior cytopathologists interact with digital cytology?

Today thanks to the technological advances in information technology the scenario of utilization of digital cytology has radically changed. New competitive systems, such as client-server architectures are now available in digital cytology. Their application in telemedicine should be investigated.

Adhesion molecules and p16 expression in endocervical adenocarcinoma.

An immunohistochemical (IHC) study has been conducted on 34 cases of untreated endocervical adenocarcinomas collected among three institutions (Ospedale S. Andrea, Rome; Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples; and Clinica Malzoni, Avellino).

Alpha- and beta-tubulin expression in rectal cancer development.

Background: Microtubules are involved in cell growth and division, motility, signalling and in the development and maintenance of cell shape. Consequently, the non-equilibrium dynamics of these microtubules can be crucial to cellular function, including cancer development. Although the involvement of tubulins in human development has been well investigated, the role of alpha- and beta-tubulins in human tumorigenesis still remains controversial.