Facial shape; height and width in the second and third trimester of pregnancy.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to calculate on 3D volumes obtained from 16 weeks' gestation normative data of facial height (FH), facial width (FW) and their ratio and to test these parameters in pathological cases.

Methods: In total, 228 volumes were analyzed: 207 from normal and 21 from pathological cases. After multiplanar correction to the exact midsagittal plane FH was measured from the nasion to the gnathion and FW between the most lateral points on the zygomatic arch.

The fetal profile line: a proposal for a sonographic reference line to classify forehead and mandible anomalies in the second and third trimester.

Objectives: To test the fetal profile (FP) line, defined as the line that passes through the anterior border of the mandible and the nasion, as a reference line for forehead and mandible anomalies.

Methods: Volumes of 248 normal and 24 pathological fetuses (16-36 and 19-37 weeks' gestation, respectively) were analysed retrospectively. When the FP line passes anteriorly, across or posteriorly to the frontal bone, this was defined as 'negative', 'zero' or 'positive', respectively.