Are Confident Parents Really Aware of Children's Online Risks? A Conceptual Model and Validation of Parental Self-Efficacy, Mediation, and Awareness Scales.

Children's use of the Internet comes with both risks and opportunities. To minimize risks and maximize opportunities, parents may choose to observe, enable, and/or restrict their children's Internet use. However, parents' high confidence in their children's online safety can itself be a risk factor inhibiting parental awareness of online risks.

Social relational factors of excessive internet use in four European countries.

Objectives: Adolescents who deal with more emotional problems have been found to seek escape online, and struggle with excessive internet use (EIU). Poor social relationships have been linked with emotional problems. The current study investigated positive family and school relationships as protective factors against emotional problems and a preference for online social interaction (POSI), both specified as mediators of the association of family and school relationships with EIU.