Nuclei position-control and crystal growth-guidance on frozen substrates for high-performance perovskite solar cells.

Nucleation and crystal growth are key stages for high-quality perovskite films that dominate the performance of perovskite solar cells. However, the position of nuclei in the films and the orientation of the crystal growth have not yet been intendedly controlled during their fabrication. In this study, we developed a method of spin-coating perovskite films on frozen substrates to control the position of the nuclei and the direction of the crystal growth at the same time.