Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular mass index in children with hypospadias after hormonal stimulation with topical testosterone: A randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Testosterone is often used in the preoperative period of hypospadias surgery. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of androgen receptors in cardiac myocytes that can modulate the phenotype. The use of supraphysiological doses of androgens can lead to toxicity on the heart muscle and, in some cases, to left ventricular hypertrophy.