Predicting functional outcome after nonoperative treatment of proximal humeral fractures involving the surgical neck.

Background: In nonoperative treated proximal humeral fractures (PHFs), uncertainty remains regarding functional outcome. Therefore, the aim was to identify predictors of functional outcome following nonoperative treatment of PHF and to develop predictive models.

Methods: Adults with a nonoperatively treated PHF involving the surgical neck were followed for 1 year.

Prevention of cardiovascular events in early menopause: a possible role for hormone replacement therapy.

Heart disease is a major cause of illness and death in women. It is well known that there is an increase in cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors after the menopause, but it is still unclear whether the change in risk factors after the menopause is only related to the aging process or is principally due to estrogen deprivation. Observational studies suggest a protective role for estrogens, whereas recent randomized controlled trials report a negative effect of oral estrogens on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.