HaNDL syndrome: a reversible cerebral vasoconstriction triggered by an infection? A case report and a case-based review.

Background: The syndrome of transient Headache and Neurological Deficits with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Lymphocytosis (HaNDL) is classified among secondary headaches attributed to "non-infectious, inflammatory intracranial disease". Despite its classification among secondary headaches, the current definition of HaNDL does not contemplate a causal agent. Thus, the aetiology, as well as the pathogenesis of both the headache and the transient focal deficits, remains unknown.

Fulminant inflammatory demyelination presenting as stroke-in-evolution in an elderly subject.

Background: Fulminant inflammatory demyelination is a possible presentation of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, thus representing a potential stroke mimic especially in younger patients.

Aims Of The Study: To describe clinical and diagnostic pitfalls in a case of fulminant inflammatory demyelination presenting with stroke-like symptoms in an elderly patient.

Methods: Case report and case-based review of the literature.

Association Between Migraine and Cervical Artery Dissection: The Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults.

Importance: Although sparse observational studies have suggested a link between migraine and cervical artery dissection (CEAD), any association between the 2 disorders is still unconfirmed. This lack of a definitive conclusion might have implications in understanding the pathogenesis of both conditions and the complex relationship between migraine and ischemic stroke (IS).

Objective: To investigate whether a history of migraine and its subtypes is associated with the occurrence of CEAD.