The bioefficacy of a novel VECTRON™ T500 indoor residual spray formulation in an experimental huts trial against Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations.

The emergence of insecticide resistance and its spread through populations of malaria vectors has decreased the number of insecticides available for control. Insecticide resistance has been observed in vector populations across sub-Saharan Africa in malaria endemic areas. Therefore, new compounds with different modes of action are needed that can be used in the management of resistance.

Overexpression of cytochrome P450 and esterase genes involved in permethrin resistance in larvae and adults of Culex quinquefasciatus.

Mosquitoes are important vectors of several arthropod-borne diseases, which remain a priority for epidemiological research. Mosquito vector control strategies have traditionally relied on chemical insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides has resulted in the development of resistance in many mosquito species.

Impact of MiraNet® long-lasting insecticidal net against Anopheles arabiensis wild population of Northern Tanzania.

Despite high levels of pyrethroid resistance reported in malaria vectors, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LNs) still play a key role in controlling malaria transmission. This study tested the efficacy of MiraNet®, a pyrethroid-based LN against a wild population of Anopheles arabiensis in northern Tanzania. DuraNet® was used as a positive control in this evaluation.

The Laboratory and Semi-Field Larvicidal Effects of Essential Oil Extracted from against Patton.

This study intended to evaluate the larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil against the wild population of Patton larvae in laboratory and semi-field environments. Larvae mortality was observed after 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure. In laboratory condition, the essential oil showed good larvicidal activity against (LC = 85.

Malaria vector feeding, peak biting time and resting place preference behaviors in line with Indoor based intervention tools and its implication: scenario from selected sentinel sites of Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, malaria incidence has significantly reduced in the past decade through the combined use of conventional vector control approaches and treatment using antimalarial drugs. However, the sustainability of this achievement is threatened by the shift in biting and resting behaviors and emergence of insecticide resistance by the primary malaria vector. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the behaviour of malaria mosquitoes in different sentinel sites is crucial to design effective prevention and control methods in the local context.

Cladophialophora bantiana metabolites are efficient in the larvicidal and ovicidal control of Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus and have low toxicity in zebrafish embryo.

Mosquitoes' current insecticide resistance status in available public health insecticides is a serious threat to mosquito control initiatives. Microbe-based control agents provide an alternative to conventional pesticides and insecticides, as they can be more targeted than synthetic insecticides. The present study was focused on identifying and investigating the mosquitocidal potential of Cladophialophora bantiana, an endophytic fungus isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica.

Anti-mosquito properties of Pelargonium roseum (Geraniaceae) and Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae) essential oils against dominant malaria vectors in Africa.

Background: More than 90% of malaria cases occur in Africa where the disease is transmitted by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. This study evaluated the anti-mosquito properties of Juniperus virginiana (JVO) and Pelargonium roseum (PRO) essential oils (EOs) against larvae and adults of An. gambiae sensu lato (s.

Diet and Oviposition Deprivation Effects on Survivorship, Gonotrophic Dissociation, and Mortality of s.s.

Diet quality is of paramount importance for egg batch size, longevity, and mortality of vector mosquitoes. Oviposition site presence and absence assumed to be dry season means a lot to the survivorship and mortality of most anthropophilic malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. This study has assessed the effect of different diets and oviposition-site deprivation (OSD) on survivorship, longevity, and mortality of s.

Preliminary investigation and intervention of the suspected plague outbreak in Madunga, Babati District-Tanzania.

Background: Rodents are known to be reservoirs of plague bacteria, Yesinia pestis in the sylvatic cycle. A preliminary investigation of the suspected plague outbreak was conducted in Madunga Ward, Babati District Council in Manyara Region December-2019-January 2020 Following reported two cases which were clinically suspected as showing plague disease symptoms.

Method: The commensal and field rodents were live trapped using Sherman traps in Madunga Ward, where plague suspect cases were reported and, in the Nou-forest reserve areas at Madunga Ward, Babati District Council, to assess plague risk in the area.

Anopheles stephensi: a guest to watch in urban Africa.

Malaria vector control programs in Sub-Saharan Africa have invested many efforts and resources in the control of eight-sibling species of Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group. The behaviour of sibling species of these vectors is well known and used for implementing the current intervention tools.

Field evaluation of Veeralin, an alpha-cypermethrin + PBO long-lasting insecticidal net, against natural populations of in experimental huts in Muheza, Tanzania.

The success of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) as the primary method for preventing malaria is threatened by pyrethroid resistance in vectors. New generation long-lasting nets incorporating PBO synergist (piperonyl butoxide) with pyrethroid are designed to control insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. The efficacy of Veeralin® PBO LLINs was evaluated in experimental huts against wild free-flying pyrethroid-resistant ().

A single low dose of primaquine is safe and sufficient to reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes regardless of cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme activity in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania.

Background: Primaquine is a pro-drug and its active metabolite is potent against mature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Primaquine is metabolized by a highly polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme. Mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme may lead to impaired primaquine activity.

Is it time for Africa to adopt primaquine in the era of malaria control and elimination?

Primaquine is a gametocytocidal drug known to significantly reduce malaria transmission. However, primaquine induces a dose-dependent acute hemolytic anemia (AHA) in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency that has led to a limited use of the drug especially in Africa where the condition is common. The World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends a single low dose (SLD) of primaquine (0.

Characterization and Evaluation of spp. (Metsch.) Sorokin Isolates for Their Temperature Tolerance.

A field survey was done in teak ( F.) forests in South India to explore the entomopathogenic effect of (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) against teak defoliator, (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). About 300 soils and infected insect samples were collected during the survey and thirty-six fungal isolates were isolated from soil and insect samples and characterized.

Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles Integrated Ointment Base for Repellent Activity Against Aedes aegypti L.

The present study focused on preparing a nano-ointment base integrated with biogenic gold nanoparticles from Artemisia vulgaris L. leaf extract. As prepared, nano-ointment was characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the morphology of the nano-ointment was confirmed through a scanning electron microscope.

Insecticidal Efficacy of Microbial-Mediated Synthesized Copper Nano-Pesticide against Insect Pests and Non-Target Organisms.

Currently, medical and stored grain pests are major concerns of public health and economies worldwide. The synthetic pesticides cause several side effects to human and non-target organisms. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized from an aqueous extract of and screened for insecticidal activity against , , , and other non-target organisms such as , and .

Larvicidal and histopathology effect of endophytic fungal extracts of and .

Background: Mosquitoes biolarvicides remain the most important method for mosquito control. The previous studies have shown -expressed larvicidal properties against mosquito species. The present study evaluated larvicidal and histopathological effect of an endophytic fungus isolated from theCactus stem ( Mill)

Method: The molecular identification of isolated was done by PCR amplification (5.

The Impact of Insecticide Pre-Exposure on Longevity, Feeding Succession, and Egg Batch Size of Wild s.l.

Background: Insecticide resistance among the vector population is the main threat to existing control tools available. The current vector control management options rely on applications of recommended public health insecticides, mainly pyrethroids through long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance does not provide information on important factors that affect parasite transmission.

Malaria Morbidities Following Universal Coverage Campaign for Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets: A Case Study in Ukerewe District, Northwestern Tanzania.

Background: Surveillance of the clinical morbidity of malaria remains key for disease monitoring for subsequent development of appropriate interventions. This case study presents the current status of malaria morbidities following a second round of mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on Ukerewe Island, northwestern Tanzania.

Methods: A retrospective review of health-facility registers to determine causes of inpatient morbidities for every admitted child aged <5 years was conducted to ascertain the contribution of malaria before and after distribution of LLINs.

Anopheline Mosquito Species Composition, Kdr Mutation Frequency, and Parasite Infectivity Status in Northern Tanzania.

The scaling-up of malaria control interventions in northern Tanzania has resulted in a decline in malaria prevalence and vector species composition. Despite this achievement, residual malaria transmission remains a concern in the area. The main aim of this study was to investigate malaria vector species composition, parasite infectivity rates, and the presence of insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in three sites that have experienced a significant decline in malaria in northern Tanzania.

Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators.

Background: Insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors for synthetic insecticides still remains a major problem for control efforts. This study assessed the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from the medicinal plant comparatively to standard registered synthetic insect growth regulators (IGR) on freshly laid eggs of .

Method: Five plant extracts were prepared using different solvents.

Insecticidal and Antifeedant Activities of Malagasy Medicinal Plant ( sp.) Extracts and Drimane-Type Sesquiterpenes against Mosquitoes.

The overuse of insecticides with limited modes of action has led to resistance in mosquito vectors. Thus, insecticides with novel modes of action are needed. Secondary metabolites in Madagascan plants of the genus (Canellaceae) are commonly used in traditional remedies and known to elicit antifeedant and toxic effects in insect pests.

Susceptibility Status of Bedbugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Against Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Cimex hemipterus resistance to residual insecticides is a growing public health concern worldwide. Herein, we report the susceptibility status of C. hemipterus against pyrethroid (permethrin) and organophosphate (dichlorvos) insecticides in Dar es Salaam.